A military life marked by devotion, diplomacy, and noble ambitions
Of Rimini. Lord of Rimini, Sansepolcro, Cantiano, Bertinoro, Ostra, Scapezzano, Morro d’Alba, Maiolati Spontini, Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, Fano, Cartoceto, Ripalta, Isola Gualtresca (Isola di Fano), Carignano, Sant’Egidio Marche, Monterubbiano, San Giovanni in Persiceto, Cervia, Senigallia, Pennabilli, San Leo, Maiolo, Talamello, Macerata Feltria, Pergola, Corinaldo, Castelfidardo, Montelupone, Jesi, Montefano, Filottrano, Osimo, Arcevia, and Dovadola. Son of Galeotto Malatesta, brother of Andrea Malatesta and Pandolfo Malatesta. Brother-in-law of Guidantonio da Montefeltro and Francesco Gonzaga, and uncle of Gian Francesco Gonzaga.
Born: 1368, June
Death: 1429, September
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1385 | |||||
| Jan. | Romagna | Upon the death of his father Galeotto he inherits the lordship of Rimini with its territory. | |||
| Mar. | Church | Romagna | In mid-month he is appointed Count and Rector of Romagna by the Holy See. | ||
| 1386 | |||||
| … | He marries Elisabetta Gonzaga (sister of Francesco, lord of Mantua, and niece of the Marquis of Ferrara Niccolò d’Este). | ||||
| Oct. | Rimini | Balacchi | Romagna | By night, together with his brother Pandolfo, he forcibly seizes the castle of Santarcangelo di Romagna from Gaspare and Lorenzo Balacchi. A third member of that family, Guido, manages to flee. | |
| 1387 | |||||
| Aug. | Romagna | He prevents Bernardon de la Salle (Bernardo della Sala) from passing through his lands to enter the service of Antonio della Scala and fight the Visconti. | |||
| Sept. | Church | Gonfalonier of the Papal States | Tuscany Umbria and Marche | He is elected Gonfalonier of the Papal States. He goes to Florence and Lucca; he escorts Pope Urban VI (Urbano VI) from the latter city to Perugia. At the end of the month John Hawkwood (Giovanni Acuto) and John Beltoft (Giovanni Beltoft) break into the vicariate of Mondaino with the help of the Petrucci family: Carlo Malatesta immediately rushes to confront them, heads for the castle of Fratte Rosa, and falls into an ambush set by Ubertinello and Boccaccino Petrucci in collaboration with the two English captains. He escapes by fleeing. His brother Pandolfo soon takes revenge by sacking the Petrucci-controlled castles of Tomba and Montale. | |
| Dec. | Rimini | Ravenna | Romagna | He confronts Guido da Polenta. Together with his brother Pandolfo, he meets in Rimini with Giovanni Ordelaffi. During the year, he marries Elisabetta Gonzaga, sister of Francesco. | |
| 1388 | |||||
| May | Romagna | He reaches an agreement with the lord of Ravenna. | |||
| June | Church | Urbino | Marche | At the request of Pope Urban VI (Urbano VI), he raids the lands of Antonio da Montefeltro. | |
| Aug. | Milan | Padua | 300 lances | Romagna | He passes through Forlì to fight the Carraresi in the pay of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Count of Virtù). |
| Sept. | Church | Urbino | Romagna and Marche | Urged by the pope, he returns to his territories to once again oppose Antonio da Montefeltro. | |
| Nov. | Milan | Padua | Veneto | He concludes an agreement with the Montefeltro thanks to the intervention of the Visconti. He resumes fighting the Carraresi. | |
| 1389 | |||||
| … | Romagna | He attempts to capture Francesco Novello da Carrara while the former lord of Padua secretly crosses his lands, intending to deliver him to the lord of Milan. | |||
| Mar. | Church | Antipope | Umbria | Urged by Urban VI (Urbano VI), together with his brother Pandolfo (2000 horse) he attacks near Umbertide the companies of John Beltoft (Giovanni Beltoft) and Everardo della Campana. He seizes all their supplies and captures 50 horses: among the adversaries, 220 horses are killed. | |
| Apr. May | Rimini | Urbino | Marche | He again fights against the Montefeltro throughout April and May. | |
| June | Milan | Florence Bologna | Romagna | He sends 150 lances to Borgo San Sepolcro (Sansepolcro) to support Visconti action in the Perugia area. Meanwhile, Giovanni da Barbiano departs Romagna with 800 horse to try to join the Florentines. Carlo Malatesta unites with his brother Pandolfo and surprises the opponent near Santarcangelo di Romagna: the standards captured from Giovanni da Barbiano during the clash are placed in the Church of San Giorgio in Rimini. | |
| 1390 | |||||
| Apr. | Romagna | He defeats 150 Bolognese lances commanded by Giovanni da Barbiano near San Marino (in the locality of Le Penne). The Count of Cunio is blocked by his troops in San Marino. In the same month, near Rimini, he routs another 300 Bolognese lances led by Ugolino Ghislieri, Conte da Carrara, and Corrado Prospero. The three captains are taken prisoner. | |||
| … | Rimini | Urbino Milan | He joins the anti-Visconti league. He opposes the adversaries with Astorre Manfredi. | ||
| Sept. | Pope Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) grants him and his brothers Pandolfo and Andrea a remission of an installment of the tribute owed to the Holy See for their vicariates, as compensation for the expenses they incurred reacquiring Bertinoro for the Papal States. Together with Pandolfo, he obtains the vicariate of Imola. During the year he travels to Venice, where he is received with honors befitting a prince. | ||||
| 1391 | |||||
| Jan. | Marche | The pope renews to Carlo and his brothers the vicariate of Fano. | |||
| … | Rimini | Urbino | Marche and Umbria | He obtains Cantiano from Francesco da Cantiano; for this reason, he must once again face the Montefeltro. He rushes to help Ungaro degli Atti after the Montefeltro conquers Sassoferrato. He sends Giovanni Schiavone against the adversaries. The latter departs Pergola, seizes Valferraia, and wages war on Gubbio. | |
| May | Marche and Umbria | Leading 6000 troops, Carlo Malatesta attacks the enemy in the Montefeltro area and in the territory of Gubbio, near Pergola and Costacciaro. He assaults Sassoferrato, captures Piero di Frontino, and demands the release of Giovanni Gabrielli, held prisoner by his rival. He fails to seize the fortress, defended by Gioacchino degli Atti. | |||
| July | Marche | He conquers Ripalta in the Pesaro area. | |||
| Aug. | Marche | He clashes with Azzo da Castello, who seizes Valferraia from him. He compensates by capturing Costacciaro and Serra di Sant’Onda, whose territories he devastates. | |||
| 1392 | |||||
| Mar. | Romagna | He is in Forlì. | |||
| Apr. | Marche | The pope intervenes in the conflict that pits Malatesta against the Montefeltro. Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) makes both sides sign peace. | |||
| May June | Marche | He reforms the government of Fano. He prefers to pay a monetary contribution to the papal forces (200 ducats) rather than provide soldiers for the war in Naples. He arranges for the Company of San Giorgio, led by Boldrino da Panicale’s son, encamped between Senigallia and Macerata, to leave Fano in peace in return for a large sum of money. In June, due to the approach of the Company of San Giorgio of Ceccolo Broglia, Brandolino Brandolini, and Azzo da Castello, he strengthens the fortresses of Fano, Mondolfo, and Mondavio, as well as the strongholds of Cartoceto, Ripalta, Isola Gualtresca (Isola di Fano), Carignano, and Sant’Egidio with additional garrisons. The mercenaries avoid the Marca area, moving directly into Umbria. | |||
| July | Rimini | Forlì | Romagna | Carlo Malatesta is now at war with Pino Ordelaffi, lord of Forlì. He ravages the countryside of Maiano Monti. The enemy troops suffer a crushing defeat. | |
| 1393 | |||||
| Jan. Feb. | Repeated interventions by third parties, from the pope, Count of Virtù Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and the Venetians, seek to end the conflict with the Montefeltro. In February, peace is proclaimed at Mondaino. | ||||
| Apr. | Rimini | Urbino | Marche | Hostilities resume with the Montefeltro due to disagreements over certain details. He supplies the castle of Cantiano with provisions and sends away those useless for its defense. | |
| May | Emilia and Tuscany | He is recorded in Bologna at the Church of San Domenico. He continues his journey to Florence, where he lodges at the Albergo della Corona. He is given confections, wax, and fodder. | |||
| … | Rimini | Forlì Urbino | Romagna | He defends Bertinoro from the incursions of the Ordelaffi, who invade the territories of Cesena and Rimini. In turn, he plunders the Forlì area with his brothers Andrea and Pandolfo. | |
| Aug. | Romagna | He raids the Forlì territory with many horse and foot soldiers. He approaches Maiano Monti with his brother Pandolfo. He defeats Pino and Cecco Ordelaffi at Bosecchio; 300 prisoners are taken, most of whom are inhabitants of the main city. The people of Forlì are forced to yield, being outnumbered, also because Astorre Manfredi has blocked any relief forces. Malatesta continues his advance by seizing Montebello, Rontagnano, and other castles. | |||
| Sept. | Church | Comp. ventura | Romagna | He marches against Antonio degli Ubaldini, who has seized some castles belonging to the Archbishop of Ravenna in the countryside of Cesena. | |
| Oct. | Umbria | He goes to Perugia with his brother Andrea to pay homage to the pope; in the same days, his disputes with the Ordelaffi and the Montefeltro end. Prisoners on both sides are released. | |||
| Dec. | Marche | He meets the Count of Urbino at Montevecchio. | |||
| 1394 | |||||
| Feb. | Tuscany | The Florentines urge Malatesta to expel from Sansepolcro the exiles of Città di Castello. | |||
| … | Peace with the Montefeltro is achieved through a double marriage arrangement: his sister Rengarda will marry Antonio’s son, Guidantonio, and his brother Galeotto Belfiore will marry the Count of Urbino’s daughter. | ||||
| May | Church | Romagna and Marche | Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX), in appointing Carlo Malatesta as Rector of Romagna, grants him the vicariate of Rocca Contrada (Arcevia). | ||
| June | Marche | Together with his brother Pandolfo, he signs a peace treaty involving the municipalities of Osimo, Castelfidardo, Montelupone, Offagna, Montefano, Filottrano, and Percozzone on one side, and Ancona, Gentile da Varano (Camerino), Sciarra Simonetti (Jesi), and Benuttino Cima (Cingoli) on the other. | |||
| July | Romagna | Together with his brother Pandolfo, he obtains the vicariate of Bertinoro by lending 22000 ducats to the Apostolic Camera. | |||
| Oct. | He consolidates the recently concluded agreement with the Montefeltro by the double marriage promise: his sister Rengarda will marry Antonio’s son, Guidantonio, while his brother Galeotto Belfiore will marry Anna, Antonio da Montefeltro’s eldest daughter. | ||||
| Nov. | Lombardy and Emilia | He travels to Mantua for the wedding of Francesco Gonzaga with his sister Margherita. On the way back, he stops in Bologna with Astorre Manfredi; both rulers are guests in the palace of Egano Lambertini. | |||
| 1395 | |||||
| Mar. | He urges Malatesta Malatesta to reconcile with the Papal States: he has his relative hand over the fortress of Narni to the pope. | ||||
| Aug. | Marche and Veneto | He proceeds to Fano for the wedding of his sister Rengarda with Guidantonio da Montefeltro and of his other sister Gentile with Giovan Galeazzo Manfredi, son of Astorre. At the end of the month, he is noted in Padua on the occasion of a duel between Galeazzo da Mantova and Boucicaut. | |||
| 1397 | |||||
| Mar. | Mantua | Milan | Emilia and Lombardy | He crosses the Po at Bondeno. He moves to support his brother-in-law Francesco Gonzaga with 400 horse and 800 foot. | |
| Apr. | Lombardy | He defeats Jacopo dal Verme for the first time at Governolo. | |||
| July | Captain General | Lombardy and Veneto | He is appointed Captain General of the anti-Visconti league; four field marshals (Giovanni da Barbiano, Pattaro Buzzaccarini, Guardone Inglese, and Paolo Orsini) serve under him. Carlo Malatesta attempts a diversion in the Veneto: he overcomes the defenses connecting Valeggio sul Mincio and Villafranca di Verona, crosses the nearby marshes, and reaches Verona. Confronted by Ugolotto Biancardo, he is forced to retreat. A similar outcome befalls a second nighttime incursion into the Veronese area with 2000 horse. He returns to Lombardy and is defeated at Borgoforte on the Po River’s bank. The Visconti decide to burn a wooden bridge, defended by 1000 of his men. Jacopo dal Verme loads numerous boats with bundles of sticks, pitch, and sulfur, setting them alight when the wind begins blowing toward the bridge; the rafts are held back by a chain placed in front of the structure. Even so, the flames spread and set the bridge on fire. Over 500 men, whom the Malatesta has forbidden to abandon their position, are suffocated in the flames. | ||
| Aug. | Emilia and Lombardy | He is at Stellata where reinforcements flock to his troops. With support from the Venetian fleet (20 galleons, 7 galleys, and another 300 vessels), he sails up the Mincio with 500 Florentine lances, 100 from Ferrara, and 160 from the Carraresi. He arrives at Sermide, overcomes resistance from Ugolotto Biancardo, and along with Conte da Carrara attacks the Visconti forces at Governolo despite being outnumbered. He divides his army into six divisions against the enemies’ eight; he routs Jacopo dal Verme, forcing him to seek refuge in the Parma area. During the clash, he wounds and unhorses Biancardo. After the battle, he pursues the fugitives and plunders their camp. The victors seize 170 boats, including galleons and other ships; 6000 men are captured, including 2000 horse; the total spoils are estimated at 200000 florins. Carlo Malatesta gains no real advantage from this victory because instead of continuing onward, he stops to retake Revere and Melara (he obtains the latter by negotiation). Repelled at Ostiglia, he joins Francesco Gonzaga to raid the Brescia area. At the end of the month, he enters Mantua; in Piazza delle Erbe, he has a statue of Virgil toppled under the pretext that its presence offends the Christian religion, despite the poet’s reputation for having foretold the coming of Jesus Christ. The statue is reportedly thrown into the lake near the city or into the Mincio. His decision is strongly criticized by the humanists of the time. | |||
| … | Tuscany Romagna | He quarrels with Francesco Novello da Carrara, leaves the camp, and heads to Florence. From there, he returns to his domains. | |||
| 1398 | |||||
| May | Lombardy | He goes to Pavia as the pope’s representative; together with dal Verme and the Bishop of Novara Pietro Visconti, a ten-year truce is signed among the various warring parties. Rumor has it that, during the negotiations, he reveals to the Duke of Milan that one of his own secretaries has long been betraying him by giving copies of Milanese state documents to his enemies. Gian Galeazzo Visconti entrusts to Carlo Malatesta the castles the ducal forces have seized in the Mantua area, for him to hold until a definitive peace is concluded. | |||
| June | He is reproached by the Florentines because a citizen of theirs (Bernardo Salviati) has been imprisoned in his territories. | ||||
| 1399 | |||||
| Jan. | Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) renews in advance the concession of his vicariates and confers on him the Golden Rose. | ||||
| May | Church | Comp. ventura | Marche | Together with his brothers, he defends the March of Ancona against raids by the company of Ceccolo Broglia and Conte da Carrara; he engages the mercenaries who have camped at Cingoli. Attacked by Conte da Carrara, he pursues him but falls into an ambush set by Broglia, resulting in his defeat. | |
| Sept. | Romagna | At the end of the month, during the upcoming Jubilee year, he leads a penitential pilgrimage as part of the large “Bianchi” movement. He marches with Elisabetta and Francesco Gonzaga to Santa Maria di Ponte Metauro. Malatesta arrives in Fano with a retinue of 8000 men, and his wife Elisabetta arrives with 5000 women. | |||
| 1400 | |||||
| … | Church | Colonna | Lazio | He besieges the Colonna in Palestrina. He is again asked by the papal forces to serve as Rector of Romagna. | |
| June | Lombardy | In Mantua. | |||
| Aug. | Lombardy | He is still in Mantua. On hearing of the death of his brother Galeotto Belfiore in Montalboddo (Ostra), he orders solemn funeral rites in his honor. | |||
| … | Rimini | Cunio | Romagna | He aids Astorre Manfredi against attacks by Alberico da Barbiano. He uses all his influence with the Duke of Milan on behalf of the lord of Faenza. During the year, he travels to Rome as a pilgrim for the Jubilee. | |
| 1401 | |||||
| Jan. | Church | Lazio | In Rome. He signs peace with the Colonna on behalf of the papal forces. The Visconti use him for one of their diplomatic missions. Malatesta tries to persuade the pope to ally with the Visconti against the Florentines. | ||
| Mar. | Marche | He convenes a parliament in Fano, attended by his brother Andrea, the ambassadors of the Montefeltro, and those of Andrea Tomacelli, Marquis of the Marche, to jointly assess the situation in Bologna. | |||
| … | Rimini | Bologna | Romagna Emilia and Lazio | He again supports Manfredi in his conflicts against the Bolognese and Alberico da Barbiano; he enlists Ottobono Terzi with 2000 horse and sends him to defend Faenza. He raids the Bolognese territory; he razes some villages at Fiorenzuola d’Arda. He goes to Rome to dissuade Pope Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) from intervening in favor of the anti-Visconti league. | |
| July | Romagna | He travels to Forlì; he congratulates Giorgio Ordelaffi on acquiring lordship over the city. Then he goes to Cesena. | |||
| Sept. | Milan | Empire Florence Bologna Padua | Romagna | He serves the Visconti to confront the troops of Emperor Robert of Bavaria. In Imola. | |
| Oct. | Lombardy | He clashes at Nave in the Brescia area with the imperial and Carrarese forces. The first attack is led by Friedrich von Hohenzollern, who is knocked down by a lance thrust from Marchese Teodoro of Montferrat. When the German troops hint at retreat, the Duke Leopold of Austria intervenes with his troops, shouting “Auzy ier vart, ausi ier vart!” (“Aus hier fahr!”). Carlo Malatesta blocks his mount, wounds him in the chest with a lance, and takes him prisoner. Giacomo da Carrara then charges at Malatesta, also wounding him in the chest with a lance and unseating him. In this critical moment, Malatesta is rescued by his men and by Facino Cane, who set him back in the saddle. He wishes to take vengeance on the Carrarese. The Padovan forces continue their tactic of targeting the enemy mounts. The ducal forces are thus compelled to sound the retreat and return to Brescia with their German prisoners. | |||
| 1402 | |||||
| Mar. | Emilia | He obtains from Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) the possessions of Paolo Balacchi, confiscated from him by the papal rector for crimes committed in Santarcangelo di Romagna. He and his brother Pandolfo are acclaimed lords of San Giovanni in Persiceto by its inhabitants. | |||
| Apr. | Emilia | He challenges Giovanni Bentivoglio via a herald. The Bolognese force his men to take refuge in Mirandola. | |||
| May | Emilia | He unites with the Visconti at Cento. He moves with them into the Bolognese territory. | |||
| June | Emilia | He takes part in the Battle of Casalecchio di Reno; commanding the third division with his brother Pandolfo and Antonio da Montefeltro, he defeats Bernardo della Serra. In those same days, after discussing matters with the Florentine ambassador Rinaldo degli Albizzi, he allows the republic to use the port of Rimini. | |||
| July | Emilia | He enters Bologna. | |||
| Aug. | Lombardy Romagna | He is summoned to sit on the ducal council along with Alberico da Barbiano, his brother Pandolfo, the bishops of Pavia, Novara, Pisa, and Feltre, Francesco Gonzaga, Antonio da Montefeltro, Giovanni Colonna, Paolo Savelli, Jacopo dal Verme, Baldassarre Spinola, Leonardo Doria, the chamberlain Francesco Barbavara, the chancellor Giovanni da Carnago, and the two counselors Pietro da Corte and Filippo dei Migli. He returns to Rimini and meets with Rinaldo degli Albizzi to discuss a commercial agreement between the two states. | |||
| Sept. | Lombardy | He goes to Milan for the funeral of the Visconti. Malatesta abandons the Visconti cause following a revolt against the government led by Francesco Barbavara. | |||
| Oct. | Church Florence | Milan | Captain General 500 lances | Emilia | The Florentines grant him 21000 florins; Malatesta joins the service of the Papal States against the ducal forces (six-month term). He is reconfirmed as Gonfalonier of the Papal States and appointed Captain General of the anti-Visconti league. |
| Nov. | Emilia | He heads to San Giovanni in Persiceto; he ravages the Bolognese territory for several days. | |||
| 1403 | |||||
| Feb. | Veneto | He arrives in Chioggia with Rodolfo da Varano and Niccolò d’Este to greet Belfiore da Varano, betrothed to Giacomo da Carrara. | |||
| Mar. | His contract is renewed by the Papal States and the Florentines for another six months. In the same month, Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) orders him to pay the annual tribute owed for Rimini to Paolo Orsini, to cover that captain’s forces, rather than to the Apostolic Camera. | ||||
| June | Emilia | Together with Alberico da Barbiano and Paolo Orsini, he campaigns in the Parma area, taking many prisoners and seizing a large amount of livestock. He returns to the Bolognese region, encamping eight miles from the capital; daily he launches raids up to the city gates. Concurrently, he opens peace negotiations with the Duchess of Milan. | |||
| July | Emilia | A peace accord is planned in Bologna. Carlo Malatesta sets up camp facing Porta Castiglione and Porta Santo Stefano; he assaults the city with Orsini after conspirators inside open a breach in the walls. Two hundred infantry enter Bologna but are soon surrounded by the enemy; Facino Cane intervenes with 1200 horse, capitalizing on the confusion in Malatesta’s camp. Facino Cane is still driven back within the walls. Around the same time, Malatesta forces Ludovico Alidosi, lord of Imola, to leave the ducal alliance. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | At the end of the month, he lifts the siege of Bologna; together with Niccolò d’Este, he heads to the Parma area with 1000 lances and 600 foot, encamping near Torricella and the lands of the Terzi in hopes of crossing the Po with the help of the Rossi, Correggio, and Fogliano families. He withdraws from the Enza with Pietro dei Rossi toward Colorno and Coenzo, where he is blocked by three Pavia galleons and three belonging to the Pallavicini, forcing him to abandon any offensive plan in Lombardy. He retreats to the Modena area with the papal legate, and, again alongside Cardinal Baldassarre Cossa, arranges peace at Caledio with emissaries of Caterina Visconti (without the authorization of the Florentines, who were in fact paying for his services). The text of the treaty is then made public in Milan by both the Visconti and the papal side with the usual ceremony; meanwhile, invective is directed at him by his allies, whose ambitions are thwarted. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia and Romagna | He enters Bologna’s citadel with Paolo Orsini. The populace, spurred by Gabbione Gozzadini, rises up and forces him to return to Rimini. | |||
| Oct. | 256 lances | He pursues an anti-Florentine policy, opposing the republic’s ambitions over Pisa. He attends the muster of his forces (256 lances of various nationalities including German, Polish, Austrian, English, French, and Italian); at its conclusion, he is owed 34450 florins. He asks the Florentines to settle his arrears. | |||
| Nov. | Romagna | He goes to Forlì with 100 horse. He takes his brother Andrea’s wife, Lucrezia Ordelaffi, and escorts her to Cesena. | |||
| Dec. | Church | He is hired again by the Papal States, along with his brother Andrea (850 lances, each with three horses per man-at-arms) and 25 mounted archers (two horses per archer). Each lance is paid 15 florins per month; each archer 10 florins. Malatesta himself is granted a monthly allowance of 500 florins. | |||
| 1404 | |||||
| Mar. | Romagna | Rinaldo degli Albizzi arrives. On Florence’s behalf, he proposes an agreement with the Duchess of Milan concerning Pisa: in return, Florentine merchants would enjoy privileges in that city similar to those under the Gambacorta. | |||
| Apr. | He pressures the Florentines to maintain Riccardo da Bagno as one of their protegés and to renew the existing truce with Bartolomeo da Pietramala. | ||||
| May | He is tasked by the Florentines with mediating peace with the Visconti. | ||||
| Sept. | Lombardy | In Brescia with his brother Pandolfo. | |||
| 1405 | |||||
| … | Church | Cunio | Captain General | Romagna | He confronts the troops of Alberico da Barbiano. |
| June | Marche and Romagna | In Urbino for the wedding of Galeazzo Malatesta with Battista da Montefeltro; immediately afterward, he returns to the Faenza area to assist the papal forces. | |||
| July | Emilia | He arrives in Castel San Pietro Terme with Cardinal Baldassarre Cossa and the Marquis of Ferrara for the initial peace talks with da Barbiano. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | He attacks Loiano; the inhabitants kill his mount with a shot from a spingarda. Malatesta continues the campaign; he captures Liano, Granarolo, Fagnano, Pieve di Sant’Andrea, and the fortress of Sassuolo. | |||
| Sept. | Romagna | In Rimini. | |||
| 1406 | |||||
| Feb. | Milan | Lombardy | On dal Verme’s recommendation, he is appointed guardian of Giovanni Maria Visconti and governor of the Duchy of Milan. Nominally, he is given lordship over Bergamo. | ||
| … | Romagna | The Florentines seize Dovadola. | |||
| July Aug. | Lombardy | He agrees with the Guelphs of Milan and nearby provinces; he concludes truces with Giovanni da Vignate, Giorgio Benzoni, Ottobono Terzi, and Gabrino Fondulo, lords of Lodi, Crema, Parma, and Cremona, respectively. He is counted by papal forces among their backers in the peace treaty with King Ladislao d’Angiò of Naples. | |||
| Sept. | Lombardy | He invites Milanese exiles to return to their lands and issues a proclamation of banishment against certain families of rebels; he also orders all subjects to leave the service of Facino Cane on pain of confiscation of property and death if captured. | |||
| Dec. | Emilia | On Christmas Day, he is in Parma for the baptism of Niccolò Carlo, son of Terzi. | |||
| 1407 | |||||
| Jan. | Milan | Cane | Captain General | Lombardy | Having restored order in Milan through reform of the commune, he advances to the Ticino River at the head of the army to counter the threats of Facino Cane, who controls the Oltrepò Pavese and the Alessandria area. |
| Mar. | Lombardy | He ensures his nephew Gian Francesco Gonzaga is recognized as lord of Mantua, placing him under his guardianship. The city is garrisoned by 150 Venetian lances; Venetian commissioner Francesco Foscari governs Mantua with Malatesta. The lord of Rimini aims to expand Mantuan territory. He takes Bozzolo; makes an agreement with Gabrino Fondulo; advances on Sabbioneta to dispossess Michele Persico of lordship. Persico flees to Viadana. Cristoforo and Andrea Persico are defeated at Commessaggio and entrench themselves in Sabbioneta, which soon surrenders. | |||
| May | Milan | Ghibellines | Lombardy | Together with his brother Pandolfo, he seizes Tagliuno, Grumello, Chiuduno, and Telgate in the Bergamo and Brescia areas, as well as the towers of Gorlago. He halts in Bergamo and offers to assume control of the city to reconcile its various factions. | |
| June | Lombardy | The Ghibellines hand over to him and his brother Pandolfo the castles of Grassobio and Nembro. Malatesta, seeing general uncertainty, returns to Milan and convinces Duke Giovanni Maria Visconti to award him the governance of Bergamo. However, the Ghibellines move first, introducing Giovanni Piccinino Visconti with 400 horse and 1500 foot through Porta San Lorenzo (found open). The Suardi also try to take over the city. Giovanni Suardi enters Bergamo’s citadel with his relatives and 300 foot from the valleys. They sortie, driving off the forces of Giovanni Piccinino Visconti. The latter is forced to abandon Bergamo when the populace fails to back him; Malatesta, likewise, fails to secure control of the city and has to leave with the podestà Bertolino di Zambuono. | |||
| … | Lombardy | In summer, dal Verme replaces him in Milan as governor. Toward year’s end, dal Verme permanently lays down arms. Malatesta returns to Milan with the same role: restoring state finances and enforcing discipline to prevent all external interference. | |||
| 1408 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy | He continues to act against the Ghibellines, bombarding and besieging the Castle of Porta Giovia in Milan and forcing the surrender of adversaries inside with Gabriele Maria Visconti; Francesco Visconti and Giovanni Pusterla are captured. He dissolves the general council of the Nine Hundred, replacing it with a consultative body of seventy-two citizens. He renews the truce with Giovanni da Vignate for three years. | |||
| Feb. | Lombardy | He also signs a truce with Giorgio Benzoni. | |||
| Mar. | Rimini | Camerino | Romagna and Marche | Returning to his domains, he begins harassing the Da Varano family in response to the levies imposed on him by the papal captain of the Marche, Berardo da Varano. He occupies Castelraimondo and devastates its countryside; he is confronted by Braccio da Montone, who forces his men to leave the area and take refuge in Fabriano. | |
| Apr. | Milan | Cane | Lombardy | In Lombardy once more to continue his fight against Facino Cane. | |
| May | Milan | Ghibellines | Lombardy | He advances against Astorre Visconti, who has been launching dangerous raids on Milan from Monza up to Porta Orientale and Porta Comasina. | |
| June | Lombardy | He besieges Monza with his brother Pandolfo but achieves no results. | |||
| Aug. | Lombardy | He captures Cassano d’Adda; at Pandolfo’s insistence, Antonio and Francesco Visconti are strangled as traitors. Malatesta has himself appointed by the duke as governor of Bergamo and takes possession of the city’s fortresses. Facino Cane, having already taken Como, proceeds as far as Busto Arsizio, seeking to seize Vigevano by trickery on the same day that Malatesta leaves the duchy, entrusting its governance to his brother Andrea, recently become the duke’s father-in-law. On that occasion, the lord of Rimini presents a kind of political testament to Giovanni Maria Visconti. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia and Veneto | He is honorably received in Ferrara by Niccolò d’Este. He then travels on to Venice and from there returns to his lands. | |||
| Nov. | Romagna | He hosts Pope Gregory XII (Gregorio XII) in Rimini, after the pontiff leaves Siena—no longer safe for him—and moves to the Malatesta’s city. Malatesta goes back to Milan and makes arrangements with the castellans of Porta Giovia, who have rebelled against ducal policy, mediated by Bernardo della Serra, governor of Asti for the Duke of Orléans. | |||
| 1409 | |||||
| Feb. | Romagna | He is busy in Cesena negotiating with the papal legate Cardinal Baldassarre Cossa, representative of Antipope Alexander V, elected by the Council of Pisa. The Ghibelline faction gains ground in Milan, forcing him out. | |||
| Apr. | Brescia | Milan | Lombardy Tuscany Romagna | Again confronting Facino Cane with his brother Pandolfo, he battles the enemy at Rovegnate on Easter Sunday. The next day, he makes peace with him, and together they prevent the occupation of Milan by the French under Boucicaut, called in the meantime by Duke Giovanni Maria Visconti. Malatesta attends the Council of Pisa, where he supports Gregory XII’s cause, then rejoins that pope in Rimini. | |
| Sept. | Emilia and Lombardy | Under pressure from his brothers Andrea and Pandolfo, he is reconciled with Cardinal Cossa. | |||
| 1410 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia and Lombardy | He goes to Ferrara, waiting for Niccolò d’Este to return from Rome; with the marquis, he proceeds to Mantua to attend the wedding of Malatesta Malatesta’s daughter with his nephew Gian Francesco Gonzaga. In that city, he takes part in a tournament, where his team in blue livery defeats the red team of Gonzaga, the white team of his brother Pandolfo, and the green team of his kinsman Malatesta Malatesta. | |||
| … | Milan | Lombardy | In Milan as governor. | ||
| May | Lombardy | Along with Andrea da Birago, he seeks to reconcile Giovanni Maria Visconti and Facino Cane, the latter having been the target of an unsuccessful assassination plot by the duke. He is replaced as governor by Facino Cane. | |||
| June | Manfredi | Antipope | Romagna | He aids Giovan Galeazzo Manfredi and helps him re-enter Faenza at the expense of Antipope John XXIII (Giovanni XXIII) (Cardinal Cossa). Among the adversaries, Lazzaro Cancellieri and Riccardo Pepoli are taken prisoner. | |
| 1411 | |||||
| … | Rimini | Antipope | Emilia | Bologna revolts against the antipope. On behalf of Gregory XII (Gregorio XII), Malatesta—together with his brother Andrea—renews hostilities against the antipope’s supporters. He devastates the Bolognese territory, capturing four hundred men and an equal number of livestock. | |
| May | Emilia | Near Medicina, he attempts to capture the castle by negotiation. He is in San Giovanni in Persiceto. | |||
| June | Emilia | He is besieged in San Giovanni in Persiceto by the Bolognese and the Este forces. He signs a truce with the adversaries and goes to Modena to meet Niccolò d’Este. Thanks to mediation by Uguccione Contrari, the Bolognese must pay him 10000/30000 ducats to obtain possession of San Giovanni in Persiceto. | |||
| July | Romagna | He helps Giorgio Ordelaffi recover lordship over Forlì. In Cesena. | |||
| Nov. | Venice | Hungary | Captain General 500 lances and 300 foot | He is approached by the Venetian councillor Domenico Bonagiunta to fight the troops of Emperor Sigismund of Hungary, led by Filippo Scolari (Pippo Spano). He is granted a monthly pay of 1000 ducats; the term is six months plus three of reserve. | |
| 1412 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto and Tuscany | He goes to Venice, complains of having too few men, and then moves on to Tuscany to recruit. | |||
| Apr. | Veneto | Still in Venice, he lodges at public expense in the Monastery of San Giorgio. In the Church of San Marco, Doge Michele Steno presents him with the insignia of command. He reaches Verona, where there are signs of revolt in favor of the Scaligeri and the imperial forces. | |||
| May | Friuli | He heads to Friuli to fight the Hungarians. Crossing the Livenza, he joins Taddeo dal Verme in Polcenigo. He occupies Aviano, moves on Spilimbergo, Udine, and Cividale del Friuli. | |||
| June | Friuli and Veneto | Repelled at Udine, he devastates the countryside; he captures Latisana. Filippo Scolari forces him to fall back into the Treviso area; Malatesta fails to take Oderzo, despite a favorable skirmish. He obtains the fortress of Ceneda (Vittorio Veneto) from Martino Unghero by paying 3000 ducats, and encamps at Motta di Livenza. | |||
| Aug. | Veneto | He fortifies himself behind a trench stretching twenty-two miles, aided by the Venetian river fleet under Piero Loredan on the Livenza. The Hungarians launch a surprise attack on the Venetian camp. With support from Taddeo dal Verme and other captains of the Serenissima, Malatesta organizes a defense. The imperial troops are defeated, thanks also to Ruggero Cane Ranieri and Crasso da Venosa; Carlo Malatesta is seriously wounded. In the clash, 1500 Hungarians are killed, and many more are captured; of the six enemy banners, five fall into Venetian hands. Despite his victory, Malatesta is compelled to relinquish his command due to the severity of his injuries. His brother Pandolfo replaces him. | |||
| Oct. | Romagna | Gregory XII (Gregorio XII) is driven from the Kingdom of Naples by Ladislao d’Angiò. The pope sails from Gaeta with his small retinue (a few relatives and some loyal followers, including Cardinal Condulmer, the future Pope Eugene IV) on two Venetian galleys. Evading pirates and enemies, he leaves the Tyrrhenian Sea, enters the Adriatic, but a storm wrecks the ship he is on; the pontiff transfers to the other vessel. Then, aboard smaller boats, he manages to reach Cesenatico. Malatesta welcomes Gregory XII and hosts him in Rimini’s episcopal residence. | |||
| Dec. | Church | Antipope | Marche | He resumes his role as papal defender against the antipope, confronting Cardinal Giordano Orsini, who has joined Paolo Orsini and 1500 horse in Macerata. He loses Sassoferrato but, with 600 horse and 500 foot, occupies Monterubbiano at the expense of Ludovico Migliorati, lord of Fermo. He reorganizes the local government and leaves a strong garrison there. | |
| 1413 | |||||
| Jan. | Romagna | Rinaldo degli Albizzi involves him in seeking a peaceful resolution to the Church’s schism. | |||
| … | Marche and Emilia | He takes control of Recanati. With other lords of Romagna, he poses a close threat to Bologna and its environs. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | With da Barbiano, he raids as far as San Lazzaro di Savena; he approaches Altedo and Cento, then moves toward Medicina, where 2000 peasants from the surrounding areas block his path. Of these, 600 are captured. | |||
| Oct. | Marche | He operates near Montolmo (Corridonia) with his brother Andrea, commanding 1000 horse and 1000 foot. He seizes Francavilla d’Ete (whose inhabitants surrender on sight of a large bombard), Alteta, Cerreto, Montegiorgio (into which he enters by agreement), Falerone, Belmonte Piceno, Monte Vidon Corrado, Massa Fermana, Montappone, Magliano di Tenna, and Grottazzolina. | |||
| Nov. | Marche and Romagna | He signs a truce with Ludovico Migliorati and the Da Varano. He leaves Angelo della Pergola in Montegiorgio with 200 lances and returns to Romagna. In Rimini, he organizes a grand celebration in honor of his nephew Galeotto, son of Andrea; during the festivities, he also takes part in a joust. | |||
| 1414 | |||||
| Spring | Naples | Antipope Florence | Romagna | He continues to fight against supporters of Antipope John XXIII (Giovanni XXIII); the Florentines defeat him near Faenza. He finds refuge in that city. | |
| June | Lombardy | He is included among the allies of Ladislao d’Angiò of Naples in the peace settlement. | |||
| July | Lombardy | He draws closer to Filippo Maria Visconti; together with his brothers Andrea and Pandolfo, he allies with the Duke of Milan against Gabrino Fondulo. The Malatesta promise to return Cremona to the duke ten years after Pandolfo might seize it. | |||
| Aug. | Church | Antipope | Marche | The King of Naples dies; hostilities renew between papal supporters and those of the antipope. Migliorati restarts hostilities, and Malatesta, again aided by Angelo della Pergola, resumes fighting. | |
| Oct. | Marche | He supports Galeazzo Malatesta’s actions against Ancona. He halts at Montemarciano. Ultimately, he must withdraw. | |||
| Nov. | Marche | By night, with his brother Andrea and 1500 horse and 1500 foot, he assaults Fermo. Some of his sympathizers in the city try to help him enter by demolishing a section of the walls at Pescaria. The sentries notice, raise the alarm. Malatesta retreats hastily. | |||
| Dec. | Marche | He takes the tower of Montone; obtains the surrender of Rapagnano, the tower of San Patrizio, and Monte Urano; enters Monsampietro Morico; Monterubbiano revolts in his favor. | |||
| 1415 | |||||
| Feb. | Marche | He occupies Monteverde and attacks Montottone, setting fire to its mills. | |||
| Mar. | Marche | He enters Monteleone di Fermo, Montottone, Monte San Pietrangeli, Sant’Elpidio a Mare, Monte Vidon Corrado. | |||
| Apr. | Marche | At the start of the month, he signs a two-month truce with Ludovico Migliorati to better counter the Da Varano, who have been joined by Macerata with his 2000 horse and 3000 foot. | |||
| May | Marche | He breaks a truce concluded the previous month and enters San Severino Marche with 2000 horse and 300 foot. He advances on Beldiletto, where Berardo and Rodolfo da Varano are staying with Lady Costanza and a good number of troops. He tries to capture them by surprise: Rodolfo da Varano’s wife is taken prisoner. Subsequently, Malatesta conquers Montecosaro and obtains Morro, Petriolo, Monte San Giusto, and Montegranaro. | |||
| June Sept. | Germany | He goes to the Council of Constance as Pope Gregory XII (Gregorio XII)’s representative, contributing to the election of Pope Martin V (Martino V), ending the Avignon Schism. He arrives there in mid-month, preceded by 24 mules and followed by 200 horse. He presents himself to the emperor who convened the council and to the representatives of various nations; he engages in numerous meetings until early September when, before the synod, he sits beside Sigismund of Hungary and Cardinal Dominici. He delivers a solemn oration on Saint Luke and reads Gregory XII’s renunciation of the pontificate, wearing the pope’s vestments. On that occasion, he meets musician Guillaume Dufay, whom he brings to Rimini. | |||
| Oct. | Rimini | Fermo Camerino | Marche | He returns to the Marche to confront Ludovico Migliorati and the Da Varano, who are supported by Braccio da Montone. He besieges Castelraimondo with Antonio da San Severino. | |
| 1416 | |||||
| Jan. June | Perugia | Montone | In early January, ambassadors of Rodolfo da Varano, of Migliorati, and of Ancona accuse Malatesta before the Council of Constance of causing serious damage to Ancona. His envoys at the council prove his loyalty to the Papal States and refute those allegations. In June, he is approached by Benedetto di Paoluccio, representative of the Raspanti of Perugia, to confront Braccio da Montone and the city’s exiles. The Perugians grant him lordship of the city, with the title “defensor perusinorum.” | ||
| July | Umbria | He sends 100 horse to help Perugia. He then gathers his men and, with della Pergola, marches on Assisi at the head of 2000 horse and 700 foot. He reaches Perugia, moves to Sant’Egidio, and clashes with Montone and Tartaglia. During the battle, he spreads his divisions in a wide arc as if to wait for the Bracceschi; they employ a new tactic, attacking in successive waves with small units. After seven intense hours under the blazing sun, della Pergola’s forces flee; Malatesta surrenders to Tartaglia and is captured with 3000 horse, along with his nephew Galeazzo, Ceccolino, and Guido dei Michelotti. Montone places him on a nag and sends him, along with the other prisoners, to Torgiano and Fratticciola Selvatica. | |||
| … | Umbria and Marche | He is taken to Narni, then Camerino, where he and his nephew are held by Berardo da Varano. | |||
| Nov. | The Venetians send Andrea Contarini to Montone to secure his release: the Perugian commander demands a ransom of 100000 ducats. | ||||
| 1417 | |||||
| … | Braccio da Montone lowers his demands to 80000 ducats and also requests the surrender of Jesi. | ||||
| Apr. | Marche and Umbria | Pandolfo Malatesta obtains 30000 ducats from the Venetians and borrows another 30000 from his captain Martino da Faenza. Two more installments of 10000 ducats each are due afterward, with Guidantonio da Montefeltro acting as guarantor. Freed from captivity in Narni, Carlo Malatesta heads to Gubbio as a guest of Montefeltro; he offers Tartaglia a horse and continues to Urbino. Peace is signed with Braccio da Montone and Rodolfo da Varano, based on a settlement drawn up by Bartolomeo Bonetti, envoy of the Council of Constance. | |||
| Sept. | Brescia | Milan | Emilia | He supports his brother Pandolfo against the Visconti. He arrives near Parma, at the Enza River bridge with 1500 horse and 500 foot, to join Gabrino Fondulo and the Este forces. | |
| Oct. | Romagna | He is approached by Francesco Riccardi, envoy of Queen Joanna II of Naples (Giovanna d’Angiò), about a possible alliance against Braccio da Montone. In the same month, he condemns Martino da Faenza to death for treason, thus avoiding repayment of the 30000-ducat loan from that captain. | |||
| Nov. | Romagna | In Rimini, he decides to have the city’s port restored. | |||
| 1418 | |||||
| Mar. | Veneto and Lombardy | He travels to Bevilacqua with Gian Francesco Gonzaga and Carlo da Pietramala; he is hosted with his wife Isabella Gonzaga by Galeotto Bevilacqua. He continues on to Brescia. | |||
| … | Rimini | Perugia | He resumes fighting Braccio da Montone, now lord of Perugia. | ||
| 1419 | |||||
| May | Church | He is appointed Rector of Romagna by Pope Martin V (Martino V). | |||
| Nov. | He is exempted by the pope from paying the tribute owed to the Apostolic Camera. | ||||
| 1420 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia | In Bologna, to pay homage to the papal legate, Cardinal of Siena Michele Condulmer. | |||
| Mar. | Romagna | At the end of the month, he goes to Forlì with della Pergola, Ludovico Alidosi, and Obizzo da Polenta for another meeting with the Cardinal of Siena to plan a campaign against the Bolognese. | |||
| May | Church | Bologna | Emilia | Pope Martin V (Martino V) renews for him the vicariates of Osimo, Sarsina, Penna, and Calbana. | |
| Sept. Oct. | Brescia | Milan | He sends 3000 horse and 1000 foot led by Ludovico Migliorati, lord of Fermo, to support his brother Pandolfo in his war against the ducal forces. His brother is defeated by the Carmagnola at Montichiari. | ||
| Nov. | Romagna | At Rocca delle Caminate for a hunting party organized by his brother Pandolfo. | |||
| 1422 | |||||
| Sept. | He still owes the Venetians 28000 ducats. | ||||
| 1423 | |||||
| May | Rimini | Milan | Romagna | He once more supports his brother Pandolfo against the troops of Filippo Maria Visconti. The Duke of Milan sends della Pergola and Secco da Montagnana to Romagna against the Malatesta. | |
| Sept. | Romagna | He is visited in Cesena by Florentine ambassador Rinaldo degli Albizzi following the defeat at the bridge of Ronco of his brother and Niccolò da Tolentino. He returns to Rimini, accompanied by the Florentines Giuliano Davanzati and Giovanni Guicciardini, who charge him with persuading Gentile Manfredi, the lady of Faenza, to ally with the republic against the Duke of Milan. | |||
| Oct. | He meets Montefeltro in Rimini. | ||||
| Nov. | Romagna | In Rimini with his brother Pandolfo and Rinaldo degli Albizzi. | |||
| 1424 | |||||
| Spring | Florence | Milan | Captain General | Romagna | He encamps at the bridge of Ronco with 8000/9000 horse and 3000 foot. |
| June | Romagna | He takes Fiumana. He hangs the castellan Rondone Ugolini (or Domenico del Scrivano in other sources). | |||
| July | Romagna | He storms Sadurano, which is then burned, and besieges Secco da Montagnana in Forlì. Prompted by Alberico da Barbiano, he heads to relieve Zagonara; only Ludovico degli Obizzi opposes the plan. Malatesta leads his troops there in driving rain; after a long night march under difficult conditions, he fights the forces of Guido Torelli, Angelo della Pergola, and Secco da Montagnana. The Florentines almost lose their sight to the water and fight on terrain flooded by della Pergola. Ardizzone da Carrara’s charge is not sustained by his formations. Malatesta is overwhelmed and taken prisoner along with 3200 horse (5000 horse and 2000 foot, per Florentine sources). After being captured, he angrily accuses della Pergola of winning through trickery unworthy of chivalric custom. | |||
| Aug. | Lombardy | He is taken to Lugo and then to Milan by Secco da Montagnana, ending up in Abbiategrasso. | |||
| 1425 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy Romagna | He is freed with lavish gifts from Filippo Maria Visconti, mindful of the time he served as his guardian. Carlo Malatesta proceeds to Ravenna and Cervia; Luigi Crotti, Visconti governor of Forlì, pays him homage. | |||
| Apr. | Romagna | In Cesenatico for talks with Visconti envoys Luigi Crotti, Secco da Montagnana, and Guido Torelli. | |||
| Aug. | Filippo Maria Visconti grants him some goods—both movable and immovable—confiscated from the Carmagnola, who fled the duchy, located in Casalpusterlengo. Carlo Malatesta allies with the Duke of Milan also on behalf of his brother Pandolfo; all lands taken by ducal forces during his captivity in Milan are returned to him. | ||||
| 1426 | Romagna | He strengthens the defenses of Rimini. | |||
| 1427 | |||||
| Mar. | Tuscany Lazio and Marche | He stops in Sansepolcro, then goes to Rome regarding renewed disputes with the Montefeltro. During the same month, he gains official recognition of the legitimacy of his nephews Galeotto Roberto, Sigismondo Pandolfo, and Domenico, allowing them to succeed him (the first in Rimini, the second in Fano, the third in Cesena). In return, he must hand over Cervia, Sansepolcro, and some territories in the Marche to the Papal States. On the way back, he is hosted in Urbino. | |||
| Apr. | Romagna | He reconciles with the Venetians and Florentines. | |||
| June | Lazio | In Rome, he is reconciled with Guidantonio da Montefeltro. The Count of Urbino is forced to surrender Castel Durante (Urbania) and the castles of Pietrarubbia and Pennabilli, gained in September 1424, to the pope. | |||
| 1428 | |||||
| Feb. | Lazio | From Rimini, he goes to Rome with 300 horse. Martin V (Martino V) grants the legitimacy of the natural children of his brother Pandolfo—Sigismondo Pandolfo, Domenico, and Galeotto Roberto—on condition that he cede to the Papal States the vicariate of Fano, along with Cervia, Sansepolcro, Pergola, Corinaldo, Senigallia, Castelfidardo, Montelupone, Filottrano, and Osimo. | |||
| July | Church | Bologna | Marche | He welcomes Jacopo Caldora in Fano and accompanies him in the campaign against the Bolognese. | |
| … | Emilia | At Castel San Pietro Terme and Castel Bolognese to oppose Luigi da San Severino. | |||
| 1429 | |||||
| Jan. | Romagna | He receives his nephew Guidantonio Manfredi in Rimini. | |||
| July | Romagna | He welcomes Niccolò da Tolentino visiting Rimini. | |||
| Sept. | Romagna | He dies of quartan fever in Longiano. He is buried in Rimini at the Church of San Francesco; Niccolò da Tolentino, Niccolò d’Este, his nephew Galeazzo, and envoys from Mantua and nearby cities attend his funeral. He was a pupil of humanists and a friend to Coluccio Salutati. His court hosted Leonardo Bruni, Gambino d’Arezzo, Simone Sardini, and Pietro Tebaldo Turchi. He was portrayed by Gentile da Fabriano; also depicted by Paolo Uccello with Ottobono Terzi, Luca di Canale, and Paolo Orsini in the Gualfonda of Florence, in the gardens of the Bartolini Salimbeni, according to Giorgio Vasari. |
Sources
-“Carlo Malatesta era signore di Rimini, la principale città malatestiana. Ancor più del fratello, egli era alquanto diverso dalla maggior parte dei condottieri d’allora per il fatto che possedeva una base d’azione sicura e da tempo collaudata e perché era stato educato non solo come soldato, ma anche come un sovrano e un signore. Parte della sua giovinezza egli l’aveva passata a Firenze, dove era stato allievo dell’umanista fiorentino Malpighino e amico del cancelliere fiorentino Coluccio Salutati. Si distinse poi per il suo mecenatismo e affidò al Ghiberti nel palazzo Malatesta di Rimini alcune delle prime commissioni avute dall’artista. Ma egli era soprattutto un devoto, e al Concilio di Costanza rappresentò il papa di Roma, Gregorio XII. Si racconta poi che trovandosi nel 1397 a Mantova diede ordine di abbattere la statua ivi esistente di Virgilio, perché era diventata oggetto di culto; ciò indica che egli era prima di tutto un cristiano e poi un umanista amante dell’antichità classica. Come capo militare Carlo Malatesta fu circonfuso di grande prestigio, che tuttavia gli veniva dalle sue origini familiari e dal fatto che, in quanto signore di Rimini, era in grado di arruolare e mantenere un numero notevole di bravi soldati, più che straordinari successi sul campo di battaglia. Egli fu un generale cauto che in diversi momenti della sua carriera ebbe ai propri ordini truppe viscontee, veneziane, fiorentine e pontificie. Quando si provò nel 1407-1408 ad intervenire nella politica milanese e a scalzare l’invadente influenza di Facino Cane non ebbe fortuna; quando il suo esercito (egli era allora al servizio di Venezia) venne sorpreso dagli ungheresi alla Motta, rimase gravemente ferito; fu poi duramente sconfitto da Braccio di Montone nel 1416 a Sant’Egidio. I fiorentini una volta dissero di lui che era “molto uso a perdere” e assunsero anche suo fratello Pandolfo, come per garantirsi nei suoi riguardi. Certo è che il riscatto di ben centomila fiorini che Braccio chiese per rilasciarlo, dopo che l’aveva fatto prigioniero a Sant’Egidio, lascia capire quali fossero le sue risorse economiche virtuali e la sua reputazione.” MALLETT
-“Esperto generale, sebbene spesse volte sventurato, egli godeva in Italia di bellissima fama, e assai maggiore della sua potenza.” SISMONDI
-“Fu valente condottiere di milizie, ma spesso sventurato. Godeva in Italia fama di virtuoso principe ed imitatore degl’illustri uomini antichi.” DE MINICIS
-“Famoso uomo d’armi.. Uomo di somma sapienza.” DECEMBRIO
-“Risplendette in Carlo gran prudenza, sapienza e gravità.” ALBERTI
-“Grande huomo di guerra.” MARCELLO
-“Ma io trovandolo in ogni sua attione inetto e simulatore, lo stimo di niun giudicio.” EQUICOLA
-“Nam semprer dictus Karolus, in omni pugna ab eo inita superatus fuit; et stoliditas fuit eum ad stipendia conduci (da parte dei fiorentini).” SOZOMENO
-“(Lasciò) dopo di sé il credito d’essere stato signore savio in pace, ma sventurato in guerra.” MURATORI
-“Questo huomo illustre fu riputato valorosissimo e bellicoso molto, e Capitano fedelissimo e vigilante.. Risplendeva in Carlo gran prudenza, sapienza et gravità.” SANSOVINO
-“Uomo distinto nelle armi.. Egli portò la casa dei Malatesta al più alto periodo di gloria: la eleganza e il lusso della sua corte, la munificenza colla quale protesse le arti, le lettere, e i molti uomini dotti che aveva attirato presso di sé, contribuirono più ancora delle sue gesta a spandere il suo nome per tutta L’Europa. Anch’egli scrisse in poesia.” LITTA
-“Valorosissimo e invittissimo nelle cose militari, e di suprema cortesia e bontà.” TARCAGNOTA
-“Fuit Carolus vir, tum belli, tum pacis artibus egregius, et priscis illis majoribus meo judicio comparandus: maxima in eo erat auctoritas, tam plurimis virtutibus, tum morum optimorum gravitate contracta: studiis praeterea litterarum deditissimus, et differendi cum viris doctrina, et ingenio praestantibus, quibus admodum utebatur cupidus. Fortuna tantum in bello, et felicitas pugnandi defuit, quae prima in imperatoribus requirentur.” BRACCIOLINI
-“Fu un dei principi più perfetti d’Italia.” BOSI
-“Huomo celebre per insigne valore nell’armi.” VIANOLI
-“Riputato capitano.” UGOLINI
-“Soprannominato il guerriero ed il catone, principe dei migliori in Italia di quel tempo e dei più illustri della propria famiglia.” BERCHET
-“Fuit Carolus nostra aetate singularis, modo intelligere potuisset, non secundum Romanis, quorum videbatur imitationi studere, sed in alia fece temporum vivere. Homo supra modum gravem se ferens, nec alter in Italia de virtute, aut continentia plus creditum maximis quoque honoribus functus, semperque in omni Malatestarum familia parens habitus ac vocatus.” BILLIA
-Con Niccolò da Tolentino “Non ignobilibus ea tempestate ducibus.” G. CAPPONI
-“Cui maximum ea tempestate in re militari nomen erat.” PLATINA
-“Uomo valente e col senno e colla spada.” PIGNOTTI
-“E’ guerriero non meno che poeta, cavaliere e mecenate, letterato e diplomatico; saggio e avveduto amministratore della sua città.” NISSIM ROSSI
-“Huic viro nihil deesse videbatur ad excellentiam laudis. Idem robustissimo, ac pulcherrimo corpore, idem consilii maximi, ac magnitudine animi paene immensa, idem egregia liberalitate, idem studiorum literarumque peritissimus.” L. ARETINO
-“Principem ceteris omnibus virtutibus clarum.” CRIVELLI
-“Quel altro illustre, el qual pur se propone/ a molti, e andar conviene ad elli adrieto,/ gli è Carlo Malatesta, el qual pregione più volte fu..” SANTI
-“Magnus ea tempestate vir.. Virum potentem, ac bello insignem.. Huic nihil deesse videbatur ad excellentiam laudis. Idem robustissimo ac pulcherrimo corpore, et concilii maximi, ac magnitudine animi pene immensa. Idem egregia liberalitate, et religione christiana devotus, et (quod rarius est in dominis invenire) studiorum literarumque peritissimus, in bello tamen non multum fortunatus..Vir bello et pace indignis.” SANT’ANTONINO
-“Godeva fama di valoroso e accorto condottiero.” UGURGIERI
-“Per quanto fosse uomo di varia cultura, “studiis litterarum deditissimus”, come dice il Bracciolini, non dimostrò mai simpatia per i letterati, umanisti o poeti che fossero. Correva una voce che li stimasse “histriones”, forse perché disapprovava la loro fittizia religiosità. I suoi consigli (A Giovanni Maria Visconti) sono tutti casi, ispirati non dall’impero romano e dalla gloria o dall’eroismo e dalla grandezza o dalla bellezza o dalla lingua purissima o da qualche altro di questi idoli superbi che costituivano la vanitosa presunzione dei poeti, ma dalla precisa volontà di aiutare i dirigenti dello stato con precetti chiari, lineari, applicabili immediatamente alle condizioni di fatto; e dettati dalla consapevolezza che essi non erano l’assoluto, e forse potevano non giovare, ma comunque andavano scritti, perché a ognuno spetta di promuovere, nella sua limitata cerchia, il bene possibile.” VALERI
-“Di somma riputatione nell’armi.” MAFFEI
-“Qui passe pour le meilleur et le plus loyal de ces Malatesta.” YRIARTE
-“El quale nel suo tempo fece di mirabil facti; el fo della sua persona una torre, archa di scientia, catolicho signore, iusto e clemente; nel mistieri de l’arme senza alcuna paura, e bastolli l’animo di passare in Lonbardia col suo vexillo e al suo tempo mise le bonbarde al castello di Porta Giobia..Questo nobilissimo signore fo iusto, savio e gagliardo, clemente amatore delli suoi povoli.” BROGLIO
-“Fu huomo dottato di gran prudentia e valore e meritò d’esser in gran preggio a presso tutti li principi d’Ittalia.” PARTI
-“Carlo riuscì un degno signore, ed ebbe tutte le qualità che si richiedono in un principe lodatissimo. Fornito d’ingegno, consiglio, affabilità, animo pronto e forte, fu giusto e pieghevole..Signore molto savio in pace, sebbene del pari non fortunato in guerra.” TONINI
-“Celebre ne’ fasti del secolo XV per senno e valore militare, da essere tenuto uno de’ più eccellenti condottieri del suo tempo.” A. MARINI
-“Quale fu nelli fatti d’arme expertissimo.” FANTAGUZZI
-Alla battaglia di Motta “Contro di questo (Pippo Spano) el signor Carlo Malatesta/ Capitan era, e ferito alla mota/ fu in fatto d’arme di lancia da resta./ Come fu la ferita a nostri nota/ Credendol morto verso tagliamento/ Si fuggirno ne vi è chi gli risquota.” CORNAZZANO
-“Nel Malatesta si uniscono le virtù dell’amante delle lettere, del mecenate, del poeta ma anche quelle del valente militare e del principe giusto. La posizione di prestigio – conseguita grazie alle sue spiccate attitudini diplomatiche e cercando nella costante fedeltà alla S. Sede la combinazione fra idealità e pragmatismo, fra tradizione e innovazione -, fece di lui il principale moderatore della politica italiana. La ricerca del consenso fu sollecitata dal Malatesta anche attraverso le forme di propaganda di corte: poeti, letterati, storiografi rinvenivano nella scoperta del mondo classico motivi e mezzi espressivi efficaci di esaltazione del signore e della sua dinastia. In questo contesto è realizzato il codice miniato della “Regalis Ystoria”..che, dedicato al Malatesta e da lui commissionato a un certo frate Leonardo dell’Ordine dei predicatori tra il 1385 e il 1390, traccia una fantastica genealogia malatestiana attingendo a testi precedenti, soprattutto alla “Marcha” di M. Battagli.” FALCIONI
-“Carlo rappresentò l’apice del percorso di affermazione dinastica dei Malatesta: fu un gran condottiero ma anche un abile diplomatico, ottenendo una posizione di prestigio come moderatore supremo della politica italiana e attore di primo piano nella conciliazione dello Scisma…Carlo incarnò l’uomo nuovo dell’Umanesimo con le più diverse attitudini: oltre che uomo pubblico fu ammirato e lodato per le sue capacità politiche e i suoi interessi culturali; rappresentò anche l’apice della realizzazione culturale dei Malatesta. la sua politica fu .. ispirata alla tradizionale etica cristiana ed ai valori della tolleranza e della pace; manifestò, inoltre, una costante generosità nel sostenere gli ordini religiosi, le confraternite e le istituzioni a carattere ospitaliero e certe forme di vocazione eremitica e di vita canonicale come l’oratorio di Santa Maria Annunziata Nuova presso Scalco (oggi Covignano).” CARDINALI-FALCIONI
-“Si era conquistato “prestigio e onori” in tutta Italia non solo per abilità nei “maneggi della guerra” e nella diplomazia, ma anche per mecenatismo e per i suoi stessi studi, tanto da meritarsi la definizione di “studiorum litterarumque peritissimus” dall’arcivescovo di Firenze Sant’Antonino. Fu celebre anche per saggezza.” FARINA
-“Condottiero di prestigio.” RIGON
-“Magnus ea tempestate vir.” BRUNI
-“Dotato di gran senno…Assai potente e chiaro per gloria militare, e dotato di gran senno, prudenza e umanità.” COLESCHI
-“Sai bene come io sia divenuto assai restio e diffidente nel lodare i nostri contemporanei; ma in quella città di Rimini mi sono imbattuto in un uomo eccezionale; un uomo di quella stirpe primigenia di cui si è persa la specie; e tutte le volte che lo vedo, mi par di vedere un Marco Marcello o un Furio Camillo, uomini che furono capitani invincibili in guerra e nello stesso tempo mitissimi in pace ed osservanti delle leggi; politico e capitano valente non è men grande nelle opere di pace..A mio giudizio eccelle tanto nella letteratura e dottrina, quanto coloro che in tutte le età si dedicano agli studi; a ciò si aggiungano la modestia, la mansuetudine, la integrità.” Da una lettera di L. Bruni riportata da SPADA
“Celebrati nominis in re militari fuit. Consiliis atque animo multum valere iudicatus est. Florentinorum exercitus saepius rexit. Aliquot proelia prospere fgecit. Apud copiarum duces et Italiae principes in magna auctoritate et existimatione fuit. Rei militari doctrinam adiecit, ex quo nonnihil habitus est illustrior.” Facio, riportato da ALBANESE
-“”Morì el signor Carlo de’ Malatesti, quale a suo tempo acquistò Santo Arcangelo, dove edificò la più alta e grossa torre in Italia (Branchi). Un’opera che per i contemporanei riassume in sé tutte le altre, pur di non poco conto. Quali il completo rifacimento del porto e delle mura di Rimini. l’aver portato i domini malatestiani al massimo della loro estensione, l’aver governato saggiamente un popolo che lo adorava, l’essere stato il più importante difensore di un papa durante il drammatico scisma d’occidente, fino a ospitarlo a Rimini facendola di fatto sede apostolica. In breve, Carlo Malatesta il più grande della sua dinastia” www.chiamamicitta.it>20-ottobre-1386-carlo-m..
-“(Confronto con il padre Galeotto) Non fu da meno per intelligenza e per senno politico; forse fu più duttile e meno assolutista del padre; amò più di lui l’arte e le lettere, fu ascoltato consigliere del duca di Milano, se pure non sempre fortunato nelle sue imprese belliche.” TABANELLI
–“Carlo I Malatesta, detto l’Acuto, uomo d’armi e accorto signore, intese lasciare memoria della dinastia attraverso un’opera sontuosa. Si tratta del codice membranaceo “Regalis historia”, datato 1385-1390 e firmato da “Frater Leonardus de ordine Praedicatorum”, amanuense domenicano che congiunse la sua opera con quella di un miniatore bolognese. La committenza di Carlo volle celebrare, attraverso i tratti di un’iconografia preziosa, le imprese “ab antiquo” della stirpe malatestiana. Nel codice, gli emblemi della signoria vengono presentati con evidenza: tre teste d’oro in campo verde, derivate dai tre figli maschi di Malatesta l’Antico affiancate dalla scacchiera rossa e dorata, bordate a lo volta dalla “sega” nera e aurea. Poi troviamo anche il cimiero sormontato dall’elefante, simbolo utilizzato per la prima volta da Carlo con lo scopo di recuperare una pregiata genealogia: la discendenza dagli Scipioni nell’antica Roma e la lotta leggendaria condotta dal Mastin Vecchio contro un saraceno noto come Gualdach. A questi emblemi si accostano altri due simboli: il leone, animale dotato di forza e di vigilanza (abituato a dormire con gli occhi aperti), e l’arpia, rappresentante dell’inesorabile giustizia e di rapaci forze dettate da vendette di ordine superiore.” MORESSA
-“Questo principe giovinetto conosce in verità l’arte della guerra e l’arte di governo, e sa condursi con evidente abilità diplomatica. Gli somiglia molto il fratello suo Pandolfo, forse meno prudente nell’opera di governo, ma non meno animoso nelle imprese.” ZAMA
-Dopo la sconfitta di Zagonara “Condotto a Milano, fu onorato dal duca come vecchio amico di famiglia ed inscritto nel Consiglio ducale, lasciato libero “fatto più amico del duca che dei Fiorentini”. Il duca sperava di fare dei Malatesta i difensori della sua espansione in Romagna e Toscana.” COGNASSO
-“Alla sua sepoltura furono presenti gl’intimi e madama Gentile, sua sorella, signora di Faenza, e Guidantonio Manfredi figlio di lei. Alcuni giorni dopo, l’8 ottobre,furono fatte le esequie solenni, alle quali parteciparono, oltre i parenti, il marchese di Ferrara (Niccolò d’Este) e Niccolò da Tolentino, venuto ad ossequiare Elisabetta Gonzaga, la vedova del defunto, alla quale profferì ogni suo aiuto per la sicurezza dello Stato.” FRANCESCHINI
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