Reggio Emilia to Naples the campaigns of a Visconti loyalist
GUIDO TORELLI of Mantua. Count of Guastalla and Montechiarugolo, Marquis of Casei Gerola, lord of Montechiarugolo, Cornale, Zeccone, Settimo, Villareggio, Martorano, Lemignano, Basilicagoiano, Mariano, and Tortiano.
Father of Cristoforo Torelli and Pietro Guido Torelli, father-in-law of Pietro Maria dei Rossi.
Born: 1379
Death: 1449, July
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1397 | |||||
| 1397 | Mantua | Milan | Lombardy | Accompanies the Marquess of Mantua (Francesco Gonzaga) at Luzzara and Suzzara to stop Visconti troops from entering the enclosure of Mantua. | |
| Summer | Lombardy | Participates in the defense of Governolo with Marsilio Torelli. Then moves to guard Mantua with Galeazzo Torelli; leaves the city with him and, at the head of 200 cavalry and 100 infantry, attacks at night the camp of Ugolotto Biancardo at Castelletto. Captures 100 cavalry, including 3 Veronese nobles. | |||
| 1402 | |||||
| Sept. | Lombardy | Joins the Visconti faction. Attends in Milan the funeral of Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti. | |||
| 1403 | |||||
| (no month indicated) | Milan | Papal State | Emilia | Sides with Ottobono Terzi, to whom he is related, against papal forces. Takes part in the defense of Parma. | |
| Aug. | Emilia | Raids Felino with Bartolomeo Gonzaga and Bonifacio di Valle. The place is set on fire. | |||
| (no month indicated) | Emilia | Is enfeoffed by Ottobono Terzi with the lordship of Guastalla and Montechiarugolo. | |||
| 1404 | |||||
| Apr. | Terzi | Rossi | Emilia | Aids Ottobono Terzi against Pietro dei Rossi. | |
| (no month indicated) | Mantua | Padua | Veneto | Serves Francesco Gonzaga in combat against the Carraresi of Padua. | |
| 1405 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto | Enters Verona with Gonzaga. Is captured by Giacomo da Carrara during the fighting. | |||
| Mar. Apr. | Parma | Rossi | Marshal | Emilia | Opposes the Rossi. Joins Jacopo Terzi and camps at Porporano with 300 cavalry, 200 infantry, and 500 more from the city. Receives further reinforcements and bombards the castle with artillery, obtaining its surrender in a day. Moves on Mamiano with 4,000 men; takes that place in early Apr.; seizes Pariano and the bastion of Lesignano de’ Bagni (where the church is demolished except for the bell tower), and San Michele di Tiorre; besieges Castrignano but withdraws due to snow. |
| 1406 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia | Is given houses and lands in Parma by Ottobono Terzi, confiscated from supporters of the Rossi. | |||
| Oct. | Emilia | Is enfeoffed with Guastalla by the Marquess of Mantua. | |||
| 1407 | |||||
| Oct. | Emilia | Receives from Duke Giovanni Maria Visconti of Milan the investiture of Montechiarugolo, La Villa, Monticelli, Montorano, Marano, Tortiano, Basilicagoiano, Pegorale, and Lesignano de’ Bagni. | |||
| 1408 | Parma | Ferrara Cremona | Emilia | Serves as governor of Reggio Emilia. Confronts Niccolò d’Este’s forces; damages Scandiano and the countryside of Sesso, forcing Guido da Fogliano to seek help from Muzio Attendolo Sforza. Learns Taliano Furlano is arriving with 60 cavalry, so he prepares 300 cavalry and sends marauders to provoke the opposing captain into leaving the fortress of Scandiano. | |
| June | Emilia | Crosses the Po at Torricella and moves to Scandolara Ravara. Is put to flight at Castelponzone by Pietro Fusi: 200 of his soldiers are killed, and 300 cavalry and infantry are captured. | |||
| 1409 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto | Accompanies Ottobono Terzi to Padua, now under Venetian control. | |||
| Spring | Emilia | Retreats inside Reggio Emilia when attacked by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. | |||
| May | Emilia | Joins Terzi at the Vallesella/Pontalto bridge near Rubiera for talks with Marquess Niccolò d’Este of Ferrara. When Terzi is killed by Sforza and Micheletto Attendolo, he tries to rally the escort but is surrounded and forced to surrender with 35 cavalry. Brought to Ferrara as a prisoner with other captains. | |||
| June | Ferrara | Terzi | Emilia | Is released upon handing over as hostages his father Marsilio, his wife Orsina Visconti, and his son Cristoforo, who are taken to Mantua. Tasked by the Este to seize Pariano (defended by 100 cavalry) to stop relief reaching San Polo d’Enza. | |
| (no month indicated) | Emilia | After the Este victory, returns to Guastalla. | |||
| 1411 | |||||
| May–June | Ferrara | Rimini | Romagna | Helps the forces of the antipope recover Forlì from Giorgio Ordelaffi. By late May, has the Este banner displayed on the city tower and gates. Attempts to reconcile Guelfs and Ghibellines and has 2 supporters of the Ordelaffi (Ugolino and Pietro Maldenti) beheaded. In June, hands the city over to envoys of antipope Giovanni XXIII. Fights Carlo Malatesta; along with Uguccione Contrari tries to remove him from San Giovanni in Persiceto. | |
| Dec. | Approached by the Venetians to counter the troops of Emperor Sigismund of Hungary. | ||||
| 1414 | |||||
| Oct. | Lombardy | In mid-month is at the castle of Abbiategrasso with Gaspare Visconti, witnessing the investiture of Gattinara and Villanova in favor of Jacopo Tizzoni, lord of Crescentino. | |||
| 1415 | |||||
| Jan. | Milan | Lombardy | Enters the service of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan, who reaffirms (in the Castle of Porta Giovia) his fiefs of Montechiarugolo and Guastalla, previously granted by Giovanni Maria Visconti and by the Gonzaga. Witnesses include Jacopo dal Verme and Ottone da Mandello. Also attends with Filippo Arcelli and the Carmagnola the ceremony in which Gabrino Fondulo is invested with Castelleone and the county of Cremona. Resides in Milan at Porta Ticinese, in the parish of Sant’Eufemia. | ||
| Sept. | Piedmont | By late month is in the castle of Bassignana, where Lancillotto Beccaria is reconciled with the duke of Milan through the mediation of Bishop Pietro Visconti of Novara and Sperone da Pietrasanta. | |||
| Oct. | Piedmont | Charged with holding Novi Ligure in escrow against the payment of 15,000 florins owed by the Visconti to Lancillotto Beccaria for the purchase of Bassignana. | |||
| 1416 | Milan | Pallavicini | Emilia | Serves the Visconti against Rolando Pallavicini. | |
| 1418 | |||||
| Feb. | Torelli | Mantua | Emilia | The Marquess of Mantua (Gian Francesco Gonzaga) takes Guastalla by treaty. Regains it with the help of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. | |
| Oct. | Milan | Lombardy | In Pavia, holds the bridle of Pope Martin V’s mule alongside the Carmagnola, after Martin V’s election at the Council of Constance. | ||
| 1420 | |||||
| (no month indicated) | Milan | Ferrara Brescia | 500 cavalry | Emilia | Joins with 500 cavalry and some infantry alongside the Pallavicini and the Terzi to harass the Parma area held by the Este. |
| Mar. | Is again invested by Filippo Maria Visconti with Guastalla and Montechiarugolo. | ||||
| Aug. | Emilia | Makes further raids around Parma at Porta Nuova, Porta San Michele, Sorbolo, and Reggio Emilia. By late month, departs Borgo San Donnino (Fidenza) with Niccolò Terzi and Secco da Montagnana, leading 600 cavalry and many infantry; halts at the Stirone; sends patrols to Paradigno, Castelnuovo, and San Martino; crosses a channel at Gainago and lays siege to Parma. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardy | Present at the battle of Montichiari. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | Takes possession of Parma and part of the Reggio area, ceded by Marquess Niccolò d’Este to the Milanese. | |||
| 1421 | |||||
| Mar. | Lombardy | By mid-month in Milan, at the Castle of Porta Giovia, witnesses Filippo Maria Visconti renewing feudal rights to Luigi dal Verme (Pianello Val Tidone, Pecorara, and Borgonovo Val Tidone). | |||
| May | Milan | Genoa | Liguria | Moves into the Riviera di Ponente; from Albenga threatens Genoa. Lays siege to the city, building bastions on surrounding heights and bombarding from there. | |
| Nov. | Liguria | The Genoese surrender on terms. Guido Torelli escorts Doge Tommaso Fregoso to the galley that takes him to Sarzana. | |||
| 1422 | |||||
| Mar. | Liguria | Marquess Bonifacio di Ceva is named governor of Genoa; Guido Torelli is appointed counselor with Bishop Pietro Giorgi of Pavia, Sperone da Pietrasanta, and Franchino Castiglione. | |||
| Dec. | Liguria | Is replaced in his post by the Carmagnola alone; feeling offended, leaves Genoa with the other counselors before the new governor arrives. | |||
| 1423 | |||||
| May | Milan | Florence | Emilia | Crosses the Po, passes through Parma territory; suddenly enters Forlì and captures Lucrezia Ordelaffi. Appointed governor of the city on behalf of Niccolò d’Este, causing Florentine intervention in favor of Ludovico Alidosi, grandfather of Tebaldo Ordelaffi, intended to rule Forlì. | |
| Nov. | Milan | King of Aragon | Captain General | Placed in charge of the expedition to the Kingdom of Naples to support Queen Joanna I of Naples (Giovanna d’Angiò), taking the role instead of the Carmagnola. | |
| Dec. | Liguria, Lazio, Campania | Sails from Genoa with 13 galleys, 13 ships, and numerous smaller vessels (fitted at a cost of 200,000 genovini). Joins 6 Provençal galleys and 1 galeotta, plus 2 galleys outfitted in Genoa at the Duke of Milan’s expense. Gains Gaeta from Antonio di Luna by negotiation; takes Procida, Castellamare di Stabia (where inhabitants hand over the town after killing the Catalan governor), Sorrento, and Massa Lubrense. Lands troops near Naples by the church of Santa Maria del Carmelo, camps outside Porta del Mercato, and besieges Infante Don Pietro d’Aragona in the city. | |||
| 1424 | |||||
| Apr. | Campania | Enters Naples after an agreement with Jacopo Caldora; seizes the castle of Porta Capuana; besieges the last Aragonese in Castel Nuovo. Is rewarded with many fiefs, including the principality of Capua, also titled “first baron of Apulia.” Gains Francesco Sforza’s friendship, persuading him to join the Duke of Milan. | |||
| May | Liguria | Returns to Genoa due to lack of payment from the queen (only 100 coins per vessel). Faces bitter complaints from the Genoese, who resent him. In turn, he complains about the local reception. Orders that the great banner of St. George be sent to Milan. During this period, plots with Oldrado Lampugnani against the Carmagnola. | |||
| July | Milan | Florence | Captain General | Romagna | Besieges Alberico da Barbiano in Zagonara to force the Florentines, led by Carlo and Pandolfo Malatesta, to lift their action against Forlì. The enemy captain surrenders on condition of no relief within fifteen days, prompting the Malatesta to attempt a field battle. Torelli stays still in the rain, then feigns retreat, drawing the enemy into a marshy area where Angelo della Pergola routes them, capturing 3,200–5,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. |
| Aug. | Romagna | Occupies Santarcangelo di Romagna and Savignano sul Rubicone; prepares to assault Rimini, but is stopped by the Visconti. | |||
| Sept. | Romagna | Besieges Rocca San Casciano with Angelo della Pergola and Secco da Montagnana; captures the fortress of Vermicola and destroys it due to resistance. | |||
| 1425 | |||||
| Winter | Emilia | Strengthens the defenses of Guastalla. | |||
| Mar. | Emilia | Ensures that Jacopo and Francesco da Correggio, lords of Casalpo, renounce all rights to Montechiarugolo. | |||
| Apr. | Milan | Florence Venice | Liguria, Romagna | Defeats the Florentines at Rapallo. Then moves again to Romagna. Goes with Secco da Montagnana and the governor of Forlì Luigi Crotti to Cesenatico for discussions with Carlo Malatesta; heads via Ravenna to Imola, where he sets camp while Secco da Montagnana returns to Forlì. | |
| Aug.–Sept. | Romagna, Umbria, Tuscany | Marches from Forlì toward Tuscany. Passes Citerna and Monterchi with 1,000 cavalry and many infantry; halts at Borgo San Sepolcro (Sansepolcro), facing Bernardino degli Ubaldini della Carda and Ardizzone da Carrara in the Tiber Valley. | |||
| Oct. | Tuscany | Joined at Sansepolcro by Francesco Sforza; learns from a Florentine deserter about dissension among the enemy captains entrenched in Anghiari. Provokes the Florentines to open combat, sending out small contingents who feign retreat. In early month, the plan succeeds: the Florentines pursue and fall into an ambush between Sansepolcro and Anghiari at the descent of the Libbia. Niccolò Piccinino, Niccolò da Tolentino, Ardizzone da Carrara, and Bernardino degli Ubaldini are defeated; the latter is captured with 300 cavalry and 500 infantry. Torelli also defeats them again at Faggiuola, seizing another 1,000 infantry. Lambertino da Gaggio is captured and presumably quartered for previous offenses to the duke or his captains. | |||
| Nov.–Dec. | Tuscany, Umbria | After these victories, Città di Castello and the Pietramala side with the Visconti. Piccinino, now in ducal pay, urges Torelli to move on Arezzo and Cortona. Suspicious of his new ally, Torelli halts at Chiassa. Camps with 300 infantry and 7,000 cavalry between Sansepolcro and Città di Castello. | |||
| 1426 | |||||
| Jan. | Tuscany, Umbria | Leaves Sansepolcro and heads for Gualdo Cattaneo when the town rebels in favor of the Papal States. | |||
| Apr. | Tuscany, Romagna | Recalled to Romagna, departs Tuscany. The inhabitants of Sansepolcro revert to Malatesta rule. Passes through Forlì with 500 cavalry, then returns to Lombardy to oppose the Venetians and recapture Brescia. | |||
| May | Emilia, Lombardy | Builds a pontoon bridge at San Giovanni in Persiceto, camps at Ponte della Samoggia, then proceeds toward Reggio Emilia. At the Panaro River joins della Pergola near Casa del Bosco (by Vignola). Workers cut a road through a thorny woods, another bridge is built, and Torelli crosses unopposed by the Florentines under Niccolò d’Este. Serious disagreements arise: Piccinino and Francesco Sforza favor attacking, while Torelli and della Pergola prefer caution. The younger commanders prevail. Leading 4,000 cavalry, 3,500 infantry, and many Genoese crossbowmen, Torelli tries to provision and reinforce Milanese-held forts in Brescia. The Carmagnola and Gian Francesco Gonzaga counter him with equal numbers, forcing Torelli to return to Montichiari. | |||
| Nov. | Lombardy | All Brescia strongholds finally fall to Venice. | |||
| 1427 | |||||
| Mar. | Emilia | Signs at Guastalla a truce of one year and fifteen days with the Marquess of Mantua. | |||
| May | Lombardy | Attempts to seize Montichiari. Surprises the Carmagnola’s troops near Gottolengo in disarray; the outcome is uncertain until Gian Francesco Gonzaga intervenes. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardy | At Maclodio. Again with Angelo della Pergola, opposes the pitched battle favored by Niccolò Piccinino, Francesco Sforza, and the young ducal captain general Carlo Malatesta. The Milanese advance on a raised road flanked by marshes impassable to cavalry and woods filled with archers and crossbowmen from the Carmagnola. Torelli flees through the marshes; 10,000 Milanese are captured and soon released (to avoid feeding them). Returns to Milan. | |||
| Nov. | Lombardy | Attends in Milan the signing of a truce between Filippo Maria Visconti and Count Amadeus of Savoy. | |||
| Dec. | Emilia | In Parma, lodged at the houses of the Bravi. | |||
| 1428 | |||||
| Mar. | Emilia | With Giovanni Bono supervises demolition work on the castle of Collecchio. | |||
| (no month indicated) | Is named by the Visconti Count of Guastalla and Montechiarugolo. | ||||
| 1431 | |||||
| (no month indicated) | Lombardy | Purchases for 32,000 lire Casei Gerola in the Pavia area (formerly held by the Carmagnola) and the fiefs of Settimo and Villareggio, previously pledged to various ducal moneylenders. Becomes Marquis of Casei. | |||
| June | Milan | Venice | Lombardy | Embarks his troops on ducal galleons and, with Francesco Sforza, Niccolò Piccinino, and Niccolò da Tolentino, destroys the Venetian fleet near Cremona. About 2,500 men die (2,000 on the Venetian side). The victors seize much booty. As a reward, the ducal procurator Luigi Crotti invests him with Castello and Cornale. | |
| July | Lombardy | In early month at Milan, in the secret council offices near Porta Vercellina (parish of San Protaso in Campo), is recognized as Count of Guastalla and Montechiarugolo. Duke Filippo Maria Visconti grants him the privilege of adding the serpent (biscione) to his coat of arms. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardy | By late month is instructed by the Visconti to greet Emperor Sigismund of Hungary upon his arrival in Milan. | |||
| 1432 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy | Present in Milan at the Castle of Porta Giovia for the ratification of a treaty with Rolando Pallavicini. | |||
| (no month indicated) | Lombardy | Tasked with Guarnieri Castiglione to settle disputes between the Marquess of Montferrat and Ludovico of Savoy-Acaia. | |||
| May–July | Lombardy | In Milan at the Castle of Porta Vercellina as a witness to the feudal investiture of Strevi to Bartolomeo Mosca. In July also witnesses the investiture of Robbio to Luigi Crotti. | |||
| Nov. | Lombardy | Aids Niccolò Piccinino at Delebio, overwhelming the Venetians under Bartolomeo Colleoni and proveditors Sante Venier and Giorgio Corner, the latter captured and locked in the Forni of Monza. About 7,000 enemy prisoners are taken (cavalry and infantry), including captains Taddeo d’Este, Antonio da Martinengo, and Taliano Furlano; 5,000 are killed. | |||
| Dec. | Lombardy | With this victory is made ducal lieutenant for the Valtellina, Val Camonica, and areas of Brescia and Bergamo. Besieges the castle of Mu. | |||
| 1434 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy | In Milan at the Palazzo dell’Arengo; attends an alliance agreement with the Marquess of Montferrat, signed for the Milanese by Piccinino. | |||
| Sept. | Along with Niccolò Terzi participates in negotiations for a league between the Duke of Milan and Amedeo of Savoy, newly made duke. | ||||
| Nov. | Piedmont | Serves with Guarnerio Castiglione and Emanuele Secco as arbiter in peace talks between the Marquess of Montferrat and the Duke of Savoy. | |||
| 1436 | |||||
| May | Lombardy | Present at a ceremony conducted by ducal counselor Guarnerio Castiglione, officially confirming fiefs to Luigi dal Verme, son of Jacopo. | |||
| 1439 | Emilia | By the end of the year, has serious boundary and water-right disputes with Niccolò Terzi. The quarrel is resolved in Jan. 1440. | |||
| 1441 | |||||
| May | Lombardy | Named a patrician of Parma, Milan, and Pavia; acquires the vicariate of Settimo with Villareggio and is invested with Zeccone, Casei Gerola, and Cornale. | |||
| 1447 | |||||
| Sept. | Lombardy | After Duke Filippo Maria Visconti’s death, meets at the Castle of Milan with Raimondo Boilo, lieutenant of the King of Naples, and swears obedience along with other captains—only to be forced out by popular uprisings and recognize the newly formed Ambrosian Republic. Loots Aragonese soldiers and their possessions in the monastery of Sant’Ambrogio. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardy | Thanks Francesco Sforza for granting him a house in Pavia (with stables and gardens), formerly belonging to Castellino Beccaria, and prior to that, to Francesco Barbavara. Requests safe-conducts and mentions his purchases of Settimo and Villareggio and the fief of Casei Gerola. | |||
| Dec | Emilia | Concludes another one-year-and-fifteen-day truce with the Marquess of Mantua for Guastalla. | |||
| 1448 | |||||
| Mar. | Milan | Venice | Emilia | Accepts a contract from the Milanese on condition of safeguarding Montechiarugolo and remaining free not to fight the Marquess of Mantua or Carlo Gonzaga, with whom he has truces ensuring Guastalla’s neutrality. | |
| 1449 | |||||
| July | Lombardy | Dies in early month at Milan. Buried in Mantua in the family chapel of the church of San Francesco. The Torelli family’s original coat of arms was a gold bull on a red field. He adds, in chief, a black eagle on a gold field. In 1423, for his actions in the Kingdom of Naples, Queen Joanna I (Giovanna d’Angiò) allows him to quarter his bull with a blue lion bearing a red diagonal band on a gold field. In 1428, the Duke of Milan grants him permission to quarter the Visconti serpent with his own arms. His sons Cristoforo and Pietro Guido inherit this coat of arms. He strengthens Guastalla’s defenses and builds a fortress at Montechiarugolo on the Enza over earlier ruins. Marries Orsina Visconti, daughter of Luchino Novello. |
Sources
-“Audace condottiero e astuto politico.” BALLETTI
-“Savissimo uomo di guerra, e dottissimo di consiglio in tutti i casi.. Gentil uomo, e de’ più leali e fedeli che vestisse arme.” CAVALCANTI
-“Utile nell’irruenza del combattere.” DECEMBRIO
-“Uomo di gran stima in mare.” DI COSTANZO
-“Colonnello famoso per le molte imprese degne d’honore da lui fatte in diverse scaramuccie.” MORIGI
-“Vir militari gloria florentissimus.” G. ROSSI
-“Personaggio molto esperimentato nelle guerre di terra.” ROSMINI
-“Celebre condottiere del secolo XV.” BOSI
-Con Antonuccio dell’Aquila “Militares ductores fama clari.” CRIVELLI
-“In armis probus.” RIPALTA
-“Fu egli di tanta fede che non volle mai venire servire ad altri, che a Visconti, quantunque con grande instanza e partiti molto larghi.” ANGELI
-Con Secco da Montagnana, Angelo della Pergola, Angelo Belmamolo, Fabrizio da Capua, Bertolino di Zambuono, Petrino da Tortona “Conductores et armorum viri illustres.” REDUSIO
-Con Angelo della Pergola “Condottieri viscontei di buona fama.” OPERTI
-“Guido non era solo pro’ Capitano, ma costante e fedel al partito a cui dedicavasi.” PEZZANA
-“Magnanimo ed illustre per fama di probità valorosa.” Da un diploma di Filippo Maria Visconti riportato dal PEZZANA
-“Capitano di assai valore.” V. DE CONTI
-“Fu anch’egli illustre e famoso Capitano de’ suoi tempi.” DE LELLIS
-Con il Carmagnola “Uomini presso al duca di grandissima autorità sì di consiglio come nelle armi.” NUBILONIO
-“Chiarissimo capitano di Filippo, et ammiraglio del mare dell’istesso.” CARRARI
-“Vir probus.” DELAITO
-“Nicolas Viton de Sant-Allais évoque les blasons des Torelli:”les Torelli avaient alors leur écu partie d’or à l’aigle de sable, et du taureau furieux d’or au champ de gueules, ayant pour issant l’aigle impériale, portant sur sa poitrine, suivant quelques auteurs, un petit écu de gueules au meme taureau d’or, suivant d’autres, un cheval gai d’argent dans un champ de pourpre. Depuis les donations des armoires de la reine de Naples er des ducs de Milan, Guido et ses descendants en écartelèrent leurs armes.” Encore à ce jour, le chateau de Montechiarugolo présente sur son mur principal, les deux emblémes du blason.” Fr. Wikipedia.Org
-“Aveva sviluppato grandi talenti nel mestiere dell’armi.” MISSAGLIA
-Con Niccolò Terzi “(Condottieri illustri) a tutti peraltro così magnifici che da alcun altro in Italia non venivano superati.” GIULINI
-“Prode e leale condottiero.” CONT
-“Strenuus vir.” B. MORONE
-“Un condottiero illustre a quei dì e ben chiaro per la fama.” COLESCHI
-“Vedi Guido Torel che fu una fonte/Di senno, di franchezza e gagliardia,/E fu perdonator d’oltraggi e d’onte.” Cambino Aretino riportato da FABRETTI
Featured image: wikipedia
