Military Campaigns and Religious Devotion in the Life of Ercole d’Este
Ercole d’Este of Ferrara. Duke of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio Emilia. Count of Rovigo. Lord of Castelnuovo Scrivia, Cotignola, Sassuolo, Soliera, Montecchio Emilia, and Cavriago. Son of Niccolò d’Este, brother of Sigismondo d’Este, uncle of Niccolò da Correggio, brother-in-law of Galeotto della Mirandola, and father-in-law of Annibale Bentivoglio and Francesco Gonzaga. Knight of the Order of the Ermine.
Born: 1431, October
Death: 1505, January
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1433 | |||||
| Sept. | Emilia | He is knighted by the Emperor Sigismund of Hungary (Sigismondo d’Ungheria). | |||
| 1445 | |||||
| Oct. | Campania | He leaves Ferrara with his brother Sigismondo to be educated at the court of the King of Naples Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona). | |||
| ………. | Campania | He duels with Galeazzo Pandone. | |||
| ………. | 33 lances | Puglia | Upon the death of Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona), he is sidelined at court by Ferdinand of Aragon (Ferrante d’Aragona), the successor; he serves as governor of Puglia together with Alfonso d’Avalos. | ||
| 1460 | |||||
| Feb. | Angiò | Naples | Puglia | He swears loyalty to John of Anjou (Giovanni d’Angiò), followed by many nobles from Puglia, Campania, and Molise. He hands over Lucera to the Angevins. He spends the winter months there and allows his allies to seize the sheep tax, a major source of Aragonese revenue. He repeatedly puts the enemy light cavalry to flight. | |
| Mar. | Puglia | He hands over San Severo to John of Anjou (Giovanni d’Angiò). | |||
| July | Campania | He takes part in the Battle of Sarno where he nearly captures the King himself. John of Anjou (Giovanni d’Angiò) grants him the County of San Severino and other territories taken from the Count of Tricarico. | |||
| ………. | Puglia | In Terra di Lavoro in command of 4 cavalry squadrons. | |||
| 1461 | |||||
| Mar. | Puglia | Defeated, he escapes with only 10 cavalry. | |||
| Aug. | Puglia | He is noted in Capitanata with Cola di Monforte. | |||
| Nov. | Campania | Together with Monforte, he joins Orso Orsini at Atripalda. | |||
| 1462 | |||||
| May | Puglia | He is near Cerignola. Giovanni da Tolentino attacks several wagons carrying his goods. | |||
| Aug. | Puglia | He joins forces with Jacopo Piccinino; he relieves Orsara di Puglia. He takes part in the Battle of Troia (responsible for guarding the encampments). After defeat, he escapes into the city, hauled up the walls by ropes. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | After the rout at Troia, he returns permanently to Emilia with his brother Sigismondo. He is recalled to the Duchy of Ferrara by his other brother Borso when the Angevin enterprise begins to fail. | |||
| 1463 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | He is governor of Modena. | |||
| 1464 | |||||
| Apr. | Venice | ||||
| Aug. Sept. | He contributes to the crusade proclaimed by Pope Pius II (Pio II); he sends 2 galleys lent by the Venetians to assist him. The ships depart from Ferrara via the Po, stop in Venice, and reach Ancona, the fleet’s gathering place. After the Pope’s death, the ships return to Ferrara. In those same days, he welcomes Jacopo Piccinino in Reggio Emilia on his way to Milan. | ||||
| 1466 | |||||
| Mar. | Lombardia | In Milan, attending the funeral of Francesco Sforza in the Cathedral. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia and Tuscany | Together with his brother Borso, he assists Luca Pitti and other conspirators against the Medici; leading 300 cavalry and many infantry and crossbowmen, he arrives at Fiumalbo in Frignano and in Lunigiana to support the exiles. The plan soon fails. | |||
| 1467 | |||||
| Apr. | Emilia and Veneto | With Niccolò Contrari, he follows Bartolomeo Colleoni against the Florentines and the Milanese. He goes to Venice with 200 retainers. | |||
| May | Venice | Florence Milan | 1000 cavalry | Emilia | The Venetians grant him a condotta of 600 cavalry, expandable to 1000 in the event of war. The term is set at two years, plus one year of respect. He is awarded an annual allowance of 12,400 florins and the right to judge soldiers of his companies. He is obliged to fight anywhere in Italy. He stations himself on the Idice. |
| June | Romagna | He camps near Imola with Bartolomeo Colleoni. | |||
| July | Emilia | Commanding the first squadron, he fights against Federico da Montefeltro at the Battle of Molinella. With his cavalry, he saves Colleoni from being overwhelmed; during the fight, he loses three horses and is wounded by a harquebus shot in the right ankle while trying to stop his own troops from fleeing. Taken to Ferrara in critical condition, he is treated so he can still walk. In the clash, nearly 600 die; in the following days, the smell of the dead lingers across the countryside as bodies rot in the ditches. Ludovico Ariosto praises his conduct in the Orlando Furioso. | |||
| Sept. | After the death of Angelo di San Vitale, at his request, that condottiero’s lances are transferred to his company. His allowance is increased by another 4,500 florins per year. | ||||
| 1468 | |||||
| Apr. | Veneto and Emilia | He returns to Venice with a retinue of 200 servants; then goes to Modena, where he has been appointed lieutenant on behalf of his brother. | |||
| June | Emilia | He is in Carpi for the wedding of his sister Bianca Maria and Galeotto della Mirandola. | |||
| June | Emilia | In Ferrara for the celebrations organized by Borso d’Este in honor of Emperor Frederick of Austria (Federico d’Austria). | |||
| 1469 | |||||
| July | Emilia | Piero de’ Medici and Giovanni Ludovico Pio, with the complicity of the Duke of Milan and the King of Naples, plot to make him Duke of Ferrara instead of his brother Borso. They promise him the baton of Captain General of the League, an allowance of 50,000 florins, and the lordship of Ravenna, Forlì, and Faenza. Ercole d’Este pretends to join the plot and informs Borso. Once in possession of the plot’s evidence, he arrests seven members of the Pio family, Andrea da Varegnana, and the Duke of Milan’s chancellor Giovanni Antonio da Figino, who is released for expediency; the other prisoners are escorted to Bondeno. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | Several conspirators are beheaded in Ferrara’s main square. At the same time, Ercole d’Este joins Galeotto della Mirandola and captures Giovanni Marco Pio, who is also taken to Ferrara for allegedly intending to hand Carpi over to the Sforza. Other members of that family are hanged in Carpaneto and Sassuolo. Ercole d’Este departs Modena, moves to Molinella, Bondeno, and Ravenna at the head of the Venetian lances spezzate. | |||
| Sept. | Venice | Rimini | Romagna | He is sent by the Venetians with 8 cavalry squadrons and 2,000 infantry to assist the papal forces, defeated at Mulazzano by Roberto Malatesta and Federico da Montefeltro (Frederick of Montefeltro). The expedition does not succeed, yet his condotta is renewed. | |
| 1470 | |||||
| Jan. | Romagna | At the camp of San Martino, between Rimini and Cesena, with Alessandro Sforza, Napoleone Orsini, and Braccio Baglioni. | |||
| Mar. | Emilia | The Venetians renew his condotta for the year of respect. | |||
| June | Emilia | He is called to the secret council when Borso d’Este is gravely ill. The Venetians champion him, stationing troops on the borders and sending a small fleet to Legnago. | |||
| July | Emilia | He allegedly orders the killing of Girolamo Gripponi in the Ferrara ghetto, near Gattamarcia, a supporter of Niccolò d’Este, son of Leonello and claimant to the Ducal title. | |||
| 1471 | |||||
| Mar. Apr. | Emilia and Lazio | He accompanies his brother Borso to Monestirolo, who is traveling to Rome to see Pope Paul II (Paolo II). In this period, he contacts Bartolomeo Colleoni to secure a condotta with the Venetians for Sigismondo Brandolini. | |||
| June | Emilia | Borso d’Este is seriously ill. Galeazzo Maria Sforza supports Niccolò d’Este, son of Leonello, against him for the succession to Ferrara. The Duke of Milan sends many infantry under Donato del Conte to the borders with Modena and Reggio. The Venetians pledge to protect his state. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | Borso d’Este dies. Ercole becomes Duke of Ferrara unopposed, with only troop movements in neighboring states. He wins over his brothers by reconfirming the lieutenancy of Reggio Emilia to Sigismondo and giving Alberto the Palazzo di Schifanoia (along with 17,000 lire marchesane of income in the Polesine and the estates of Montesanto, Casaglia, and Sassuolo). Conversely, many supporters of Niccolò d’Este are killed in the streets of Ferrara; Niccolò is labeled a rebel. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | He has Giovanni Francesco da Mantova, chamberlain of Niccolò d’Este, and Giovanni Costabili beheaded and hanged after an attempt to seize Stellata. He expels Francesco d’Este, another son of Leonello, from Ferrara and tries to get rid of Niccolò d’Este by bribing a cook in Mantua to poison him. | |||
| 1472 | |||||
| Feb. | Veneto | In Venice with 600 attendants. | |||
| May | Emilia | He mediates reconciliation between Galeotto della Mirandola and his brother Antonio Maria. | |||
| June | Emilia | Together with his brother Sigismondo, he welcomes their mother Rizzarda di Saluzzo to Ferrara after many years apart. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | He organizes a joust in Ferrara’s main square. | |||
| 1473 | |||||
| June July | Lazio | At the start of the month, he goes to Rome, waiting for his betrothed Eleonora of Aragon (Eleonora d’Aragona) to arrive. He is received by the Cardinals Oliviero Carafa and Ausic di Spuig. Pope Sixtus IV (Sisto IV) renews his investiture of Ferrara in exchange for an annual tribute of 7,000 florins and one pound of silver for Massa Lombarda, Roncadello, Zeppa, Scantamantello, Sant’Agata, Bagnacavallo, Cunio, Barbiano, and Zagonara. | |||
| 1474 | |||||
| June | France | He travels to Burgundy to attend the wedding of Duke Charles the Bold and Margaret of York, sister of the King of England. He takes part in a joust and once more displays considerable magnificence. | |||
| 1475 | |||||
| Nov. | France | He is awarded the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece. | |||
| 1476 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | He orders the construction of a fortress at Sassuolo, converting buildings of the old stronghold. The expense is borne by all towns under the local podesteria. Painters are brought in to embellish the work. | |||
| May | Emilia | On an official visit to Modena and Reggio Emilia. | |||
| July | Emilia | He concludes an agreement with the Republic of Venice to collaborate in fighting crime. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | At Ferrara, he receives an embassy from Hungary of 600 cavalry traveling from Venice to Naples to collect the bride of King Matthias Corvinus, Beatrice of Aragon, sister of Eleonora (his wife). | |||
| Sept. | Ferrara | Este | Emilia | Niccolò d’Este, aided by the Marquis of Mantua, sends 700 infantry under the Padovans Francesco and Brunoro da Grompo. They navigate the Po on boats covered with mats, hay, and straw, reaching Ferrara and entering Castel Tedaldo through a hole in the walls under repair. Niccolò d’Este, with some troops, rushes down Via San Donato, reaches the main square, and calls for a popular uprising. Captain Gaspare da Rubiera barricades himself in the cathedral with the few infantry available. Sigismondo and Alberto d’Este, uncertain of what to do, lock themselves in the ducal palace. Ercole d’Este, at Belriguardo that day, heads to Argenta and fortifies Lugo. Once he learns about the limited size of the insurrection, he returns to Ferrara with his brother Rinaldo. Niccolò d’Este initially manages to escape but is eventually captured by peasants near Bondeno, as are the two da Grompo and 200 men. Executions begin: the first are the two Padovans, hanged on the corners of the Palazzo della Ragione; another 18 men are hanged on the columns of the same building’s windows, and five more on the battlements of Castelvecchio. Niccolò d’Este is beheaded at night in the same castle, along with Azzo d’Este. A priest is defrocked by the Bishops of Ferrara and Comacchio, then hanged. A total of 70 are executed. Another 280 men, claiming ignorance of the expedition’s objective, are sentenced to amputation of a hand, loss of an eye, or similar punishment. Ultimately, they are handed over to various courtiers for ransom. Ercole d’Este suspects his brother Alberto of collusion, strips him of the property recently given to him, and banishes him to Naples. | |
| Oct. | Emilia | After the christening of his son Alfonso, he greets his sister-in-law, the Queen of Hungary, at Pontelagoscuro on her return journey. | |||
| 1477 | |||||
| ………. | He sends 600 infantry to assist Bona Sforza, regent for Giovanni Galeazzo Sforza, in regaining Genoa, which has rebelled against the Sforza. | ||||
| June | Emilia | He sails the Po in his bucentaur up to Bondeno to meet Sforza Maria Sforza, Duke of Bari, Ascanio, and Ludovico Sforza, all forced to flee Milan. He hosts them at the Palazzo Schifanoia. | |||
| Oct. | Emilia | He meets Federico Gonzaga in Scandiano. When Galeotto Manfredi drives Carlo Manfredi out of Faenza, he sends his brother Sigismondo to Lugo. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | He hosts Ludovico Sforza, Marquis of Mantua, in Ferrara. | |||
| Dec. | Emilia | He receives Galeotto Manfredi, lord of Faenza, in Ferrara. | |||
| 1478 | |||||
| Mar. | Emilia | He welcomes ambassadors of the lord of Bologna Giovanni Bentivoglio seeking to arrange the marriage of his natural daughter Lucrezia to Annibale Bentivoglio. At the end of the month, still in Ferrara, he receives the Venetian condottiero Carlo di Montone. Also in March, he recommends his cousin Tommaso di Saluzzo for an Aragonese condotta. | |||
| Apr. | Bona Sforza returns to him the lordship of Castelnuovo Scrivia, taken from Roberto da San Severino and previously held by his brother Borso. He is also given the San Severino palace in Milan. | ||||
| ………. | Florence | Emilia | The Florentines grant him and his brother Sigismondo a condotta of 12 cavalry squadrons and 400 infantry. | ||
| Aug. | Florence | Church Naples | Captain General 400 lances and 300 infantry | Emilia | Despite Venetian opposition (they object to his kinship with the King of Naples), he is appointed Captain General of the League against the Papal and Aragonese forces. Milanese ambassador Gian Giacomo Simonetta brings him the insignia of command. The term is two years, with 400 men-at-arms and 300 on retainer. He is awarded 50,000 ducats in peacetime and 70,000 in wartime. |
| Sept. | Emilia and Tuscany | He leaves the government of the state to his wife; he travels through the Modenese territory into Tuscany. In Florence, he is given the palace of Renato de’ Pazzi, worth 20,000 ducats, and receives the baton of command at the astrologically chosen time, only then proceeding to the field. Cacchiano falls into enemy hands. He reaches Poggio Imperiale (Poggibonsi); Pope Sixtus IV (Sisto IV) declares him deposed from his duchy. He commands 7,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry; opposing him are Federico da Montefeltro (Frederick of Montefeltro) and the Duke of Calabria Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona) with 8,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry. | |||
| Oct. | Tuscany | He leaves Poggibonsi but avoids engaging the enemy; he crosses into Sienese territory, captures 3 or 4 fortresses, and continues raiding the Maremma. Florence orders him to relieve Monte San Savino, but he moves slowly, passing Greve in Chianti, San Giovanni Valdarno, Civitella in Val di Chiana near Monte San Savino. He delays choosing a camp; when the enemy proposes a one-week truce, he accepts. | |||
| Nov. | Tuscany | When the truce expires, he tries in vain to extend it. Only four days later does he advance the camp by four or five kilometers. Monte San Savino surrenders to the enemy in front of the Florentines, who do nothing. Rainy weather sets in; the Neapolitans and Papal forces withdraw to winter quarters, followed promptly by Ercole d’Este. On his return to Ferrara, he passes through Poggibonsi, Olmo, and Montepulciano. | |||
| Dec. | Tuscany and Emilia | Roberto Malatesta joins forces with the allies, but plague strikes both armies, so Ercole d’Este goes to Florence (receiving a valuable gift) and sends his troops to winter quarters, then returns to Ferrara. At Ponte Poledrano (Bentivoglio), he meets Giovanni Bentivoglio; at San Paolo sul Po, his wife and children come to greet him, and together they enter the city. | |||
| 1479 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | He welcomes Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga in Ferrara and is reported hunting in the Barco with his future son-in-law Annibale Bentivoglio. | |||
| Feb. | Emilia | He meets the lord of Bologna Giovanni Bentivoglio in Ferrara, who shows him a plan to divert the Reno into the Po at Porotto. Ludovico Gonzaga replaces him as Captain General of the League. | |||
| Mar. | Emilia | He abandons the Carnival festivities to respond to Roberto da San Severino, who threatens the Duchy of Milan. He departs from Reggio Emilia and reaches Castelnuovo di Garfagnana; his brother Sigismondo heads to Pisa to deal with raids by San Severino from Tuscany into Umbria. | |||
| Apr. | Emilia and Tuscany | He enters Pisa, bypassing Roberto da San Severino, who is stationed on a stone bridge over the Serchio between Filettole and Santa Margherita. Leaving the city, he clashes with Giulio Antonio Acquaviva and San Severino, who defeat him in a skirmish on the river, capturing 1,000 of his cavalry. The Pope threatens him with excommunication. Whether due to this threat or other reasons, his maneuvers lack vigor, wary of a far weaker opponent. He merely trails the enemy by two or three days’ distance. | |||
| May | Tuscany and Liguria | He has 30 men-at-arms squadrons. He retakes Santa Maria in Castello (Santa Maria a Colonica) and Filettole. With Ludovico Gonzaga, he leaves the Sarzana area with 45 cavalry squadrons and 3,000 infantry, pursuing Roberto da San Severino toward La Spezia, Ceparana, and Santo Stefano di Magra, trapping him in a valley below the fortress of Vezzano Ligure. | |||
| June | Tuscany | With Florentine Commissioner Bongianni Gianfigliazzi, he returns to Poggibonsi, joined by Roberto Malatesta, who has beaten Matteo da Capua at Passignano on Lake Trasimeno. Faced with that defeat, the Aragonese and Papal troops retreat to Cortona; Ercole d’Este heads to Casole d’Elsa in Sienese territory. A scheme to incite revolt inside the town fails, and he storms the fortress, sacking it and killing 100 men of the garrison. Then a major dispute arises between his troops and Ludovico Gonzaga’s men: 400 of the latter try forcibly to seize the spoils taken by the Estensi. Ercole d’Este must take shelter in a house; among his soldiers, 30 infantry and 4 men-at-arms die, 100 are wounded, while the Gonzaga side loses 50 men. Tents and pavilions on both sides are looted. Bongianni Gianfigliazzi and the other Florentine Commissioner Girolamo degli Albizzi manage with great difficulty to separate the two forces. The animosity between the Duke and the Marquis leads the Florentines to separate the contingents. Ludovico Gonzaga is sent to Perugia to join Roberto Malatesta; Ercole d’Este is deployed to Garfagnana first, then to the Sienese territory to collaborate with Costanzo Sforza. | |||
| July | Tuscany | He occupies Isola d’Arbia, Monteriggioni (both sacked), and Abbadia San Salvatore, which surrenders on terms. | |||
| Aug. | Tuscany | He leaves Tuscany (his brother Sigismondo remains) with 400 infantry and numerous cavalry to aid Milan against threats by Roberto da San Severino. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | Passing through Parma (where he lodges in the governor’s palace) and Borgo San Donnino (Fidenza), he reaches Voghera and then Milan, staying at the Castello Sforzesco. | |||
| Oct. | Emilia | The Duchess Bona of Savoy compensates him for the recent loss of Castelnuovo Scrivia (recaptured by Roberto da San Severino) by granting him Brescello, Bazzano, Castelnuovo di Parma, Scurano, and Gualtieri—territories taken from the da Correggio. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia and Lombardia | Defending Parma with 400 cavalry and 200 infantry. He leaves the city for Pavia and Bassignana to block San Severino’s advance. With events evolving, he helps Ludovico Sforza and San Severino re-enter Milan, forcing the Duchess to an agreement. Ercole d’Este can return to Ferrara, accompanied by his brother-in-law, the Cardinal of Naples. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | He receives the Venetian ambassador Zaccaria Barbaro in Ferrara. | |||
| Dec. | Emilia | He meets with Cardinal Gonzaga and Milanese ambassador Pietro Pusterla. | |||
| 1480 | |||||
| Jan. | Naples Florence | Captain General | |||
| Mar. | Emilia | He meets Cardinal Ascanio Sforza. | |||
| May | Emilia | He welcomes Francesco Secco in Ferrara, who comes for the betrothal of the young Francesco Gonzaga to Ercole d’Este’s daughter Isabella. | |||
| June | The King of England bestows on him the Order of the Garter. He welcomes Francesco Gonzaga and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza in his bucentaur. | ||||
| July | Emilia | With Francesco Gonzaga, he goes to meet Roberto da San Severino and Giovanni Bentivoglio, also visiting Ferrara. He watches a great joust in the main square. | |||
| 1481 | |||||
| Jan. Feb. | Lombardia | A guest in Mantua of his future son-in-law. His entourage numbers 420. In Feb., in the same city, he knights Giacomo Secco. | |||
| Apr. | Emilia | He travels to Bologna to see Giovanni Bentivoglio; attends horse races, hunts, and dances. He corresponds with Roberto da San Severino, exchanging gifts with him and sending brocade to Lucrezia Malavolti, the condottiero’s wife. He requests military advice from San Severino. | |||
| ………. | Relations worsen with the Venetians, who wish to exercise jurisdiction over their subjects in his territories as before and to maintain a monopoly on salt sales. | ||||
| Aug. | An alliance is formed among the Venetians, the Papal States, and Girolamo Riario because Ercole d’Este refuses to pay the due tribute to the Papal State. | ||||
| Sept. | Emilia | He goes to Modena and prepares for war. He sends Matteo Mazzone and Gaspare da Rubiera to Rovigo to strengthen its defenses and razes all houses around the fortress of Ficarolo. A poor harvest and an outbreak of plague in Ferrara hamper his preparations. He watches a palio with Niccolò Maria Rangoni. | |||
| 1482 | |||||
| Feb. | He asks the regent of the Duchy of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, the King of Naples Ferdinand of Aragon (Ferrante d’Aragona), and the Florentines for 1,200 infantry in his defense against possible Venetian actions. | ||||
| Mar. | Ferrara Milan Naples | Venice | Veneto | At Castelguglielmo and Badia Polesine. | |
| Apr. | Veneto and Emilia | He receives 10,000 ducats from Sforza as half of the agreed grant. He inspects the Polesine borders and sets up floating bastions on the three branches of the Po at Polesella, Corbola, Codigoro, and Argenta. He is joined by Giovanni Bentivoglio with 3,000 infantry, 100 men-at-arms, and 50 mounted crossbowmen. The Bolognese begin looting the surrounding houses; Ercole d’Este tries to have two soldiers caught stealing hanged, but the intervention of their comrades saves one. The populace of Ferrara rebels at the incident, nearly provoking reprisals. Meanwhile, Roberto da San Severino, commanding the Venetian army, occupies Melara and Bergantino. Ercole d’Este recalls Giovanni Bentivoglio, dispatching troops to defend Ficarolo. | |||
| May | Emilia | Reinforcements arrive from Florence (600 infantry), Naples (Federico da Montefeltro), and Milan (Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio). A Venetian raid on Occhiobello is repulsed. Many Schiavoni in Venetian service, caught setting fire to Estense homes, are hanged. | |||
| June | Emilia | Leading 12 men-at-arms squadrons and 300 arquebusiers, he surprises the Venetians while they are building a bastion at San Biagio delle Vezzane (San Biagio). The garrison is wiped out. Roberto da San Severino must recross the Po, losing 150 men—mostly Schiavoni—killed by the Estensi or drowned. Ercole d’Este fortifies Pontelagoscuro and strengthens Ferrara’s defenses, blocking the Po with thick iron chains. | |||
| July | Emilia | With Federico da Montefeltro, he repels a Venetian fleet attack on the bastion at Punta di Ficarolo. Nevertheless, the Venetians take the fortress and occupy the Polesine. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | With 3,000 men armed with crossbows and arquebuses, he thwarts Roberto da San Severino’s attempt to build a pontoon bridge at Bonello, burning 11 boats. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | He retakes Comacchio. In the fight, 700 men on both sides are killed. | |||
| Oct. | Emilia | Struck by malaria, which alone claims 12,000 lives in Ferrara, he entrusts governance to his wife Eleonora. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | Roberto da San Severino bridges the Po at Vallice and directly threatens Ferrara. Ercole d’Este receives fresh reinforcements from Ludovico Sforza and other allies. | |||
| Dec. | Church Milan | 150 lances | Emilia | Pope Sixtus IV (Sisto IV) and Girolamo Riario reconcile with Ercole d’Este and now fight the Venetians, improving his position. He tries in vain to dissuade Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio from leaving the Ferrarese theater. He becomes ill again. | |
| 1483 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | Niccolò Orsini defeats the Venetians at Massa Fiscaglia. Ercole d’Este has Ferrara’s fortifications reinforced and moves from the Palazzo Ducale to Castelvecchio. | |||
| Feb. | Lombardia | In Cremona for a war council with the Duke of Calabria Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona) and Ludovico Sforza. At Revere, he meets Marquis Federico Gonzaga of Mantua. | |||
| May | Emilia | In Modena to quell strife caused by factional violence between Guelphs and Ghibellines. | |||
| June | Emilia | He confronts René of Lorraine (Renato di Lorena), who replaces Roberto da San Severino. The Venetians assault his forces with 4,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | Leading his cavalry and 800 infantry, he skirmishes with the enemy at Pontelagoscuro. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | He rushes to defend Stellata from a surprise attack by Tommaso da Imola and Commissioner Giovanni Emo with 2,000 men. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardia and Emilia | He arranges with Duke of Calabria Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona) at Sermide to expel the Venetians from Pontelagoscuro. With 20 men-at-arms squadrons, infantry, and mounted crossbowmen, he advances on the bastion, but the Venetians do not leave their defenses. He then heads to Melara with the same result. He writes to his brother Sigismondo, stationed at the Barco, to withdraw to Borgo Leone in Ferrara. A misunderstanding arises: the Ferrarese believe they are under attack and retreat in disorder. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | He attempts again to retake Pontelagoscuro but is driven back by artillery fire. | |||
| 1484 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardia | In Milan for a war council. | |||
| Apr. | Emilia | He rides in the Barco and clashes with the Venetians, killing many of them. He launches yet another assault on Pontelagoscuro. | |||
| May | Lombardia | In Cremona for a new war council. | |||
| June | Lombardia | He opposes Roberto da San Severino in the Brescia area. | |||
| July | Emilia | He skirmishes with Galeotto della Mirandola and Bernardino di Montone at Borgo del Leone in Ferrara. | |||
| Aug. | Lombardia | Peace is signed at Bagnolo Mella: he must cede the Polesine (including Rovigo, Adria, Castelguglielmo, Polesella, Selvatica, Pontecchio Polesine, Arquà Polesine, and Villamarzana) to the Venetians. He goes to Comacchio. | |||
| Sept. | Marche and Emilia | He makes a pilgrimage to Loreto, then to the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari and the Marian sanctuary of the Tremiti Islands. He recalls his brother Alberto from exile. | |||
| Nov. | Emilia | He welcomes the Venetian visdomino to Ferrara. | |||
| 1485 | |||||
| Feb. | Veneto | In Venice with an entourage of 600 people. He is received with great honors. The Doge Giovanni Mocenigo and Roberto da San Severino meet him aboard the bucentaur near San Clemente. He lodges at his own palace and is granted 50 ducats a day by the Serenissima for his expenses. He attends jousts in Piazza San Marco organized by San Severino. At the end of the month, he departs by barge for Ferrara. | |||
| June | Piemonte and Emilia | He goes to the baths of Acqui Terme, is hosted in Alessandria by Antonio Trotti, and returns to Ferrara to welcome Francesco Gonzaga; he spends time in tournaments and hunts. | |||
| Oct. | Ferrara | Torelli | Emilia | In Montecchio Emilia to seize that territory from Guido Torelli. | |
| Oct. | Ferrara | Torelli | Emilia | He attacks Guido Torelli to reclaim Montecchio Emilia. | |
| 1486 | |||||
| Apr. | Emilia | Ludovico Sforza returns Montecchio Emilia and Cavriago to him; Guido Torelli had taken them during the war against the Venetians. | |||
| Sept. | Romagna | He meets the Duke of Urbino Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, the Duke of Calabria Alfonso of Aragon (Alfonso d’Aragona), and the lord of Bologna Giovanni Bentivoglio in Lugo. | |||
| 1487 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | His daughter Lucrezia marries Annibale Bentivoglio. | |||
| Mar. June | Lombardia Emilia Tuscany Lazio | He plans a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain with a party of 150. In Milan, Pope Innocent VIII (Innocenzo VIII) orders him to stay put under threat of excommunication; he turns back via Bologna (where he is hosted by Giovanni Bentivoglio), Siena (lodges with Giulio Spannocchi), and then goes to Rome. He pays homage to the Pope with Cardinal Ascanio Sforza. | |||
| 1488 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia and Veneto | He hosts Elisabetta Gonzaga, wife of the Duke of Urbino, in Ferrara. In mid-month, he visits Venice with his son Alfonso, welcomed with the bucentaur by Doge Agostino Barbarigo, lodging again in his own palace. | |||
| Mar. | Emilia | He meets Giovanni Bentivoglio, heading to Padua for a vow to Saint Anthony. | |||
| Apr. | Emilia | He sends his brother Sigismondo to Forlì to assist Caterina Sforza (Caterina Sforza), whose husband Girolamo Riario has been murdered in a conspiracy. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | In Parma and Reggio Emilia with Ludovico Sforza and Duke of Milan Giovanni Galeazzo Sforza. | |||
| 1489 | |||||
| June | Tuscany | In Lucca, seeking an agreement with the Republic over the control of Garfagnana. | |||
| 1490 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia | Mid-month, his daughter Isabella marries Francesco Gonzaga. | |||
| 1491 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | His daughter Beatrice marries Ludovico Sforza. | |||
| Feb. | Emilia | In Ferrara for the wedding of his son Alfonso to Anna Sforza. | |||
| Apr. | Veneto | In Venice with his son Alfonso. He unsuccessfully requests permission to build a palace at the tip of Pontelagoscuro. | |||
| June | Lombardia | With his son-in-law Francesco Gonzaga, he meets Francesco Secco in Marmirolo, trying to prevent Secco from leaving the Gonzaga’s service. | |||
| Mar. Apr. | Emilia and Lazio | In Bologna and Rimini. Finally in Rome, where he meets Niccolò Orsini and Pope Alexander VI (Alessandro VI), to whom he pays homage. | |||
| July Aug. | Lombardia | In Milan. | |||
| Nov. Dec. | Veneto and Emilia | In Venice to offer excuses for building quarries at the borders. It is so cold that the Grand Canal is frozen; he rides on horseback to the Collegio dei Pregadi near San Marco. He returns to Ferrara by river. In December, he goes to the Bologna area for Christmas, staying in San Michele in Bosco. | |||
| 1493 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia | He hosts his son-in-law Ludovico Sforza in Ferrara. He organizes a grand joust for him and encourages him to act against the Venetians in order to regain the Polesine. | |||
| 1494 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | He hosts the Duke of Urbino Guidobaldo da Montefeltro returning from Mantua. He receives the Frenchmen Aubigny, la Trémouille, Gannay, and Bidaut, en route to Rome to request passage for an army ready to invade the Kingdom of Naples. | |||
| June | Emilia | Due to the risk of a new war, he confers with Giovanni Bentivoglio in San Prospero. | |||
| Sept. | Piemonte and Emilia | He goes with 200 cavalry to Alessandria and Castello di Annone to greet the King of France Charles VIII (Carlo VIII) alongside Ludovico Sforza. He supports his son-in-law’s negotiations with the French king, gifting Charles VIII a pavilion worth 7,000 scudi. He returns promptly to Ferrara when he realizes the French will not appoint him Captain General. | |||
| Oct. | Emilia | In Fidenza, congratulating Ludovico Sforza on becoming Duke of Milan. | |||
| 1495 | |||||
| June | Tuscany | With 400 cavalry and 200 infantry, he heads to the Arezzo area to meet Charles VIII (Carlo VIII). Simultaneously, he refuses to join the Italian League against the French. In reality, his son Ferrante serves with the French, while Alfonso fights on the opposing side as lieutenant for the Sforza. That month, he sends some crossbowmen to Bologna to support Giovanni Bentivoglio in quelling unrest. | |||
| July | He allows the French forces passing through Estense lands to provision themselves and acquire gunpowder. | ||||
| Oct. | Piemonte | He mediates between King Charles VIII (Carlo VIII) of France and Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. | |||
| Nov. | Liguria | In Genoa. | |||
| 1496 | |||||
| Spring | Toscana | He inspects some mines in Garfagnana. On the same days he builds, in his possessions, in northern Tuscany a furnace in order to foster the production of bronze artillery and iron shot. | |||
| May June | Emilia | He receives the French ambassador Rigault in Ferrara. At the end of the conflict between the Italian League and France, he is entrusted with custody of the Castelletto of Genoa, to be handed to the Duke of Milan after two years. In June, he meets another French envoy, l’Argenton, returning from Venice. | |||
| Aug. | Emilia | In Modena to try to reconcile Giberto Pio and Alberto Pio. | |||
| Nov. | Veneto | In Venice with his son Ferrante, lodging as usual at the Palazzo Pesaro (the “Palazzo of the Dukes of Ferrara”). | |||
| 1497 | |||||
| Aug. | Emilia | Once again intervening in disputes among the Pio family in Carpi. In Modena, he meets Giberto Pio and forgives him for attacking his relatives. | |||
| Nov. | Veneto | He returns to Venice with his son Ferrante. At his request, Ferrante enters Venetian service with a condotta of 100 lances and an annual stipend of 10,000 ducats. | |||
| 1498 | |||||
| Feb. | Emilia | He hosts Aubigny, returning from the recent war in the Kingdom of Naples, in Ferrara. | |||
| 1499 | |||||
| Mar. | Veneto | Accepted as mediator by Venetians and Florentines in the Tuscan conflict. He spends twenty-five days in Venice, welcomed by Doge Agostino Barbarigo aboard the bucentaur. The Serenissima covers all his expenses (about 1,250 ducats, excluding merchandise transported with duty exemptions or smuggled out). | |||
| Apr. | Emilia | The Venetian visdomino in Ferrara tries to inspect bundles suspected of containing contraband goods but is prevented by the Estense authorities. Eventually, Ercole d’Este issues an arbitration (on the war in Tuscany) that triggers hostility in Venice; he is accused of double-dealing. The Florentines also feel dissatisfied. In essence, the ruling favors Florence by granting them the customs of Pisa, while Pisa (which would accept a captain and a podestà appointed by Florence) would retain its citadel and the forts of Stampace, Torre di Foce, and Cascina. Florence would owe the Venetians 180,000 ducats over twelve years (15,000 a year) for war expenses. An Estense official would assist Florentine magistrates in administering the city. On his return trip from Venice to Ferrara, crowds of commoners line the canals, shouting insults at him. In mid-month, Florence and Venice ratify the agreement, but Pisa categorically rejects it. | |||
| July | Emilia | He purchases Soliera from Giberto Pio for 60,000 lire, partly in cash and partly in property. | |||
| Sept. | Emilia | With Ludovico Sforza defeated and in flight before the French and Venetians, Ercole d’Este places himself under French protection. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardia | In Pavia, he greets the new King of France Louis XII (Luigi XII) after traveling by boat on the Po with 300 cavalry dressed in the French style. He accompanies the king during his solemn entry into the city. | |||
| 1500 | |||||
| Mar. | He lends some artillery pieces to Ludovico Sforza, who uses them against Novara while trying to retake the Duchy of Milan. | ||||
| May | He presses the French on behalf of the Bentivoglio, who backed Ludovico Sforza. | ||||
| Sept. | Emilia | He receives from Giberto Pio half of the lordship of Carpi in exchange for Sassuolo, Fiorano Modenese, Montenibbio, Montebaranzone, and other local fortresses. | |||
| 1501 | |||||
| July | Lombardia | In Mantua for the christening of Federico Gonzaga, son of his son-in-law Francesco. | |||
| ………. | Emilia | His son Alfonso marries Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI (Alessandro VI). As dowry, the Estensi receive 100,000 ducats, plus jewelry, silverware, tapestries, brocades, and valuable garments worth 75,000 ducats. They also gain the fortresses of Cento and Pieve di Cento, a 4,000-ducat reduction in the annual tribute to the Papal State, preemptive Ferrara investiture for Alfonso and Lucrezia’s future children, and the archpriesthood of Saint Peter’s for Cardinal Ippolito d’Este. | |||
| 1502 | |||||
| Feb. | Romagna | He is enfeoffed with Cotignola by the King of France—territory once held by Ludovico Sforza. The same month, he welcomes Lucrezia Borgia in Ferrara. He must host over 450 people, with 350 horses. Festivities cost more than 25,000 ducats, not counting food. He asks the Pope to recall her entourage to Rome. Later, he has disagreements with Lucrezia Borgia regarding her allowance: he offers 8,000 ducats a year, but she demands 12,000. Pope Alexander VI (Alessandro VI) intervenes at his daughter’s request; it is set at 10,000 ducats per year. Around this time, on papal orders, he arranges the abduction of Lucia Brocadelli, known as Lucia of Narni, a Dominican mystic considered a “living saint,” from Viterbo. She is smuggled to Ferrara sealed in a wine barrel hidden among others. | |||
| July | Lombardia | In Pavia to pay homage to King Louis XII (Luigi XII) of France. | |||
| Aug. | He is chosen as judge in the duel between Federico Gonzaga da Bozzolo and Pirro Gonzaga. | ||||
| 1503 | |||||
| June | Emilia | He consults in Reggio Emilia with la Trémouille, Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, and Francesco Gonzaga (Marquis of Mantua) about the war in the Kingdom of Naples. | |||
| July | Emilia | He is noted in Parma. | |||
| 1505 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | He dies in Ferrara. He is solemnly buried in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli. A portrait by Dosso Dossi is in the Galleria Estense in Modena; there is a medal by Bartolomeo Savelli Sperandio, now in the Louvre in Paris. Matteo Maria Boiardo mentions him in Orlando Innamorato, Ludovico Ariosto in Orlando Furioso, and Antonio da Cornazzano in De re militari. His court is home to Tebaldeo (his secretary) and Pandolfo Collenuccio. |
Sources
-“Amava tenerissimamente i suoi sudditi, si addomesticava e si univa ad essi nelle mascherate, cacce, e tornei, e andava a pranzo e cena spesso all’improvviso da’ suoi più cari. Vero è che a motivo delle guerre, degli edifizii, e dei divertimenti premeva spesso, e gagliardamente la mano nell’impor tasse, ma ne rifondeva in gran parte nel paese il ritratto cogli edifizii stessi, e cogli spettacoli ne’ quali trovavan continuo impiego e lucro i bisognosi.” FRIZZI
-“Ercole non fu una tempra di uomo di stato; soprattutto non seppe far fronte alla situazione economica del suo ducato con quella paziente e tempestiva oculatezza richiesta dalle difficoltà del momento. Non aveva la vocazione e neppure l’attenzione a seguire diligentemente gli affari di governo con quel che comportavano di responsabilità e di impegno…Ercole morì il 25 gennaio del 1505. Il giorno prima, già vicino alla fine, “ora a sera fece venire Vincenzo da Modena, e lo fece suonare per spazio di un’ora con un chivanzanbolo coi pedali, pigliandone sua signoria gran piacere, e di sua mano di continuo battendo la misura”: l’ultimo quieto, sereno, tramonto di un uomo non forte per la politica, ma nella politica necessariamente impegnato per tanta parte di se stesso e delle sue forze, discontinuo, talvolta strano e svagato, tal altra così equilibrato e concreto da trovare rari riscontri, anche nei principi più provveduti e famosi di quell’epoca.” CHIAPPINI
-“Eser lui stato homo de gram famena, nel’arte militaria molto expertissimo, et uno gram capitanio, et al molto amato oniversalmente, et homo molte spirituale et amatore del culto divino, et gram fabricatore nele santi ghiesie, et amatori deli soi popule.” BERNARDI
-“Principe prudente, savio, accorto, e esperto nella militia, e molto divoto della Religione Christiana.” ALBERTI
-“Capitano chiaro per virtù e per consiglio nel governare le guerre più che per fortuna nel condurle a prospero fine.” BRUTO
-“Di grande prudentia et famma et molto praticho in materia di Statti.” PRIULI
-“Essendo egli infiammato d’amore della lode, e della gloria, non solamente vinceva i soldati vecchi: ma anchora con animo intrepido, e con felicissimo successo pareggiava i Condottieri e Capitani Generali d’esserciti.” GIRALDI
-“Fu Hercole prudente, accorto, esperto nell’armi, divoto e osservante della religione.” LOSCHI
-“His greater qualities and heroic actions are celebrated by the pen of Ariosto.” ROSCOE
-“Fu Hercole di statura giusta e quadrata; e assai forte di persona. Hebbe il volto colorito, occhi azzurri e chiari, capelli neri.” ROSCIO
-“Fu Ercole principe prudente, savio, accorto, esperto nella militia e molto divoto della religione christiana.” SANSOVINO
-“Non può negarsi a questo principe la lode di aver saggiamente governato il suo popolo, a di aver lasciato delle memorie assai vantaggiose del suo coraggio, della sua mugnificenza e della sua propensione per le persone di merito.” FORNI
-“Il duca Ercole fu principe ornato di molte virtù, e comeche si trovava pratico ne’ maneggi dell’arme, amò la guerra, ma con svantaggio proprio e maggiormente de’ sudditi.” G. BONOLI
-“Terran Pugliesi, Calabri e Lucani/ De’ gesti di costui lunga memoria,/ Là avrà dal Re de’ Catalani/ Di pugna singular la prima gloria;/ E nome tra gl’invitti capitani/ S’acquisterà con più d’una vittoria/ Avrà per sua virtù la signoria,/ Più di trenta anni a lui debita pria.” (Alla battaglia di Molinella)”Ercole or vien, ch’al suo vicin rinfaccia,/ Col pié mezzo arso e con quei deboli passi,/ Come a Budrio col petto e colla faccia/ Il campo volto in fuga gli fermossi.” ARIOSTO
-“Uomo probo e fattivo. Fu uno dei migliori principi di casa d’Este, ed una delle principali figure politiche del suo tempo.” FRANCIOSI
-Con Jacopo Piccinino.” Qui passoient pour les deux plus fameux Capitaines d’Italie.” VARILLAS
-“Fu Hercole signor giusto, benigno, amato da papi, prencipi christiani..Fu principe magnanimo e religioso.” SARDI
-“Prince relativement juste et bon.” MAULDE LA CLAVIERE
-“Expertissimo nelle armi.” NOTAR GIACOMO
“Generalissimo privo o d’ingegno guerriero o di risolutezza.” SISMONDI
-“Principe attivo, attento e sagace, travagliato da assai guerre, inquietato da una difficilissima condizione diplomatica in bilico fra troppi più potenti di lui..Valente guerriero e tornadore.” BACCHELLI
-“Il sentimento di pietas religiosa, approfonditosi dopo la morte di Eleonora, sembra essere l’elemento unificatore..(dei) molteplici interessi drammaturgici, edilizi e musicali. Ad esso si univa anche il senso della propria responsabilità verso il benessere spirituale della città. Ogni giorno Ercole ascoltava messa e uno dei suoi primi progetti edilizi fu..la costruzione di una cappella a corte per ospitarvi un’immagine miracolosa della Vergine Maria. Forse ad imitazione della corte di Napoli, istituì la prassi di sfamare ogni anno oltre un centinaio di persone in occasione del giovedì santo. In tale occasione era Ercole stesso, insieme con i suoi fratelli, tutti vestiti di bianco, a servire il pasto nella sala grande, con l’accompagnamento musicale dei cantori di cappella. E provvedeva poi di persona a lavare i piedi dei commensali, a dar loro abiti e danaro, a baciarli. Era solito presenziare alle processioni del Corpus Domini, aiutando a portare il baldacchino (per quanto glielo consentivano le condizioni del piede offeso) e frequentava le prediche quaresimali nella cattedrale..Regolarmente ogni giorno od ogni settimana, Ercole faceva doni di abiti, cibi e danaro ai poveri della città, al clero secolare e a quello regolare. Seguì con attenzione le riforme savonaroliane.” DEAN
-“Ebbe uno straordinario successo nel costituire un’impresa musicale che rese per diversi anni Ferrara la corte più raffinata d’Europa, mettendo in ombra persino la Cappella Vaticana. E’ infatti grazie ad Ercole ed a pochi altri nobili tra i quali i Giocoli, che i musicisti valloni e fiamminghi arrivarono in Italia. I più celebri compositori europei lavorarono per lui, oppure gli dedicarono musica: tra loro ricordiamo Alexander Agricola, Jacob Obrecht, Heinrich Isaac, Hadrian Willaert e Josquin Desprez. Quest’ultimo compose la “Missa Herculis Dux Ferrariae”, non solo dedicata a lui, ma basata su un tema tratto dalle sillabe del nome del duca. Ercole è ugualmente celebre come mecenate. Nominò il poeta Matteo Maria Boiardo suo ministro, protesse Pandolfo Collenuccio, esule da Pesaro, e introdusse il giovane Ludovico Ariosto alla corte ferrarese. Sotto la reggenza di Ercole, Ferrara diviene una delle principali città d’Europa; la città raddoppiò quasi le sue dimensioni con la celebre “Addizione Erculea” progetto di città ideale dell’urbanista Biagio Rossetti.” WIKIPEDIA
-“Destinato a lasciare il suo nome ad uno dei quartieri storici di Ferrara, l’addizione erculea… Forte di una scuola militare..illustre, Ercole poté consolidare il dominio sul suo stato proprio grazie alle relazioni politiche che gli venivano dal suo servizio militare..Non un volgare mercenario..ma un uomo d’arme che faceva della guerra per conto terzi un mezzo di affermazione politica della propria sovranità.” TANZINI
-“Fu Hercole, di giusta, e quadrata statura, e forte assai: il volto hebbe colorito: gli occhi azurri, chiari: e i capelli scuri.” CAPRIOLO
-“Viene..dipinto come un condottiero dotato di abilità e di coraggio nel combattere…E sarà il coraggio, unito alla necessità di porre in evidenza il proprio valore, a condurre l’Estense a portarsi sempre in prima linea nel corso delle battaglie in cui si troverà coinvolto…Dopo le lotte compiute da Niccolò III per conservare il proprio potere e gli eventi bellici a cui egli stesso partecipò, Ercole d’Este, in quei primi anni del Cinquecento, comprese che, date le forze militari ed economiche del suo stato, era meglio affidarsi alla fortuna e pazientare. la guerra, i soldati francesi come tutti coloro che li avevano preceduti, sarebbero prima o poi passati.” GUERRA
-“In 1496, Ercole and his heir Alfonso, embarked in an ambitious political, economic, and military project. They decided to construct a new furnace in Fornovolasco, in their possessions in the Apuan Alps, in northern Tuscany, in order to foster the production of bronze artillery and iron shot. Ducal officers hired expert workers in Lombardy.” ANSANI
-“El qual illustre principe alto e soprano/ armigero & pien di gagliardia/ sì come un drago cun la lanza in mano/ trovo che comenzava la bastia (di Ficarolo)/ el conte Antonio pigliò da marciano/ col suo figliol (Ranuccio) di bella compagnia/ ben più de mille a pezi ne tagliò/ senza quelli che se negoron nel po (Po).” Da “La guerra di Ferrara” in GUERRE IN OTTAVA RIMA
-In occasione di una sua visita a Firenze diretto a Roma “Who was shown’ medals, cameos and other noble things of great value’ when he stayed at the Palazzo Medici on his way to Rome in May 1487.” HOLLINSWORTH
-“Si trovava Ercole per le relazioni famigliari in vera intimità con quasi tutte le corti italiane, quale genero del re di Napoli, suocero del marchese di Mantova, del reggente poi duca di Milano Ludovico il Moro, del primogenito di Giovanni II Bentivoglio (signore di Bologna), Annibale, a cui aveva data una figlia naturale, Lucrezia. In questa condizione egli si giovò per intervenire spesso come mediatore nei numerosi conflitti del tempo proclamandosi personalmente neutrale, ma permettendo o meglio procurando che i figli militassero nei vari campi. Ed infatti egli rifiutò di aderire alla Lega contro Carlo VIII del 31 marzo 1495, ma in compenso il primogenito Alfonso era presso Ludovico il Moro con circa 500 uomini fra cavalli e fanti, e si batté a Fornovo contro il re francese che aveva però al suo fianco il terzogenito Ferrante.” SIMEONI
-Sulla sua tomba è inscritto il seguente epitaffio. “Hic Alphonso neap. regi ob e/ gregiam indole clarissimus,/ cum Galeatio Pandono viro/ illustri ac fortissimo, vix dum/ adolescens non sine magna/ laude singulari certamine de/pugnavit/ Ad Molinellam Venetorum/ exercitum hostili impetu gra/ viter laborantem, virtute sua/ conservavit, neque prius a/ criter pugnae destitit, quam/ repulsis hostibus plumbea/ glande dextrum pedem sau/ cius et proelio discedere et/ retrahere coactus est./ Multa imperium adeptus, ad/ urbis ornatum excogitavit, perfecitque. Aulam regiam/ commodorem pulcrioremque/ reddidit, innumeras domos,/ nova fora, publicus porticus, marmores columnis insignis,/ castelli veteris molem celeriter et/ exacte consummavit. /……/ Tot magnificis operibus bre/ vi perfectis, tot publice pri/ vatimque collatis beneficiis,/ tot clarissimarum virtutum/ ratione habita augusti et P.P./ nomen merenti, S.P.Q. Ferra/ riensis hanc equestrem sta/ tuam viventi pos. ad quam si/ quis intra ambitum XX.P. con/ fugientib. vim attulerit, se/ laesae majestatis crimen in/ currisse non ignoret.”





