Niccolò III d’Este, A Life of Power Strategy and Scandal

Italian CondottieriNiccolò III d’Este, A Life of Power Strategy and Scandal

A prudent, magnanimous, and highly intelligent leader. Over the course of his long tenure in government, he successfully overcame serious internal challenges. He ordered the execution of his second wife, Parisina Malatesta, after discovering her affair with his illegitimate son, Ugo. He was also notorious for his libertinism—so much so that he was said to have had 800 lovers. In his time, a popular saying in Ferrara claimed, "On both sides of the Po River, they are all children of Niccolò."

Indice delle Signorie dei Condottieri: ABCDEFGIJLMNOPQRSTUVZ

Niccolò III d’Este’s rule between diplomacy and betrayal

Niccolò III d’Este (Niccolò d’Este) – Marquis of Ferrara. Lord of Ferrara, Parma, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Massa Lombarda, Bagnacavallo, San Giovanni in Persiceto, Nonantola, Lugo, Crevalcore, Rovigo, Castelnuovo Scrivia, Sassuolo, Fiorano Modenese, San Pellegrino, Montegibbio, Montebaranzone, Castellarano, Prignano sulla Secchia, Conselice, Roteglia, Scandiano, Castellarano, San Martino in Rio, Castelnuovo Garfagnana, Gallicano, Perpoli, Trassilico, Cascio, Molazzana, Lupinaia, Verni, Cardoso, Bolognana, Rovigo, Camponovo Polesine, Castelguglielmo, San Martino di Venezze, and Bar.

Father of Ercole d’Este and Sigismondo d’Este; son-in-law of Andrea Malatesta and Francesco Novello da Carrara; father-in-law of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Cocco Malatesta, and Carlo Gonzaga.

Born: 1383, November
Death: 1441, December

Year, MonthState, Comp. venturaOpponentCommandArea of ActivityActions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts
Year, MonthState, Comp. venturaOpponentCommandArea of ActivityActions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts
………………EmiliaEntrusted by his father Alberto to the teachings of the humanist Donato Albanzani.
1393
JulyEmiliaSucceeds his father in the marquisate, thus becoming lord of Ferrara and Modena.
1395
Jan.FerraraEsteEmiliaThe Este fleet, commanded by Francesco Bellai, blocks on the Po River the advance of Obizzo and Pietro da Polenta and of Cecco Ordelaffi, who joined forces with Azzo d’Este against him. The Venetians send to the Po di Primaro one galley and several boats with 200 crossbowmen, positioning themselves at the river mouths.
Feb.EmiliaAzzo da Castello arrives in Ferrara to establish, with the regency council, measures to counter Azzo d’Este. Niccolò d’Este asks him to demonstrate how an armed clash is conducted. Two teams are formed: one led by Azzo da Castello, the other by his lieutenant Antonio degli Obizzi. The encounter takes place outside the city walls on the lawn of the Belfiore residence. During an attack, Antonio degli Obizzi unintentionally strikes Azzo da Castello on the left knee (already severely injured). The condottiero is immediately taken to Ferrara, where he dies the following night.
Mar.EmiliaMarco Pio exploits the condottiero’s death to extend his domain to Formigine and Spezzano, while the Boiardi occupy Fiorano Modenese, and Francesco da Sassuolo attempts to seize Sassuolo.
Apr.Borrows 50,000 ducats from the Venetians to conduct the war against Azzo d’Este, putting up Polesine and Rovigo as collateral. The Bolognese send 100 lances and 100 infantry to the border of their territory with Ferrara, plus another 70 lances and 100 infantry toward the Modena area. Likewise, the Venetians dispatch 270 crossbowmen to Ferrara, followed shortly by five nobles officially tasked with defending and aiding Marquis d’Este and his regency council (composed of Filippo Roberti, Tommaso degli Obizzi, Chancellor Bartolomeo della Mella, Giovanni del Sale, and six representatives of the people) in protecting the state.
………………EmiliaConsandalo, Migliaro, and Massafiscaglia rebel against Niccolò d’Este. Niccolò Roberti quickly quells the revolt. Azzo d’Este arrives at Portomaggiore with allies (the da Polenta, Cecco Ordelaffi, Giovanni da Barbiano) and exiles. Help arrives for Niccolò d’Este from Bologna (300 lances and 500 infantry), Florence (50 lances), Mantua (90 cavalry and 80 infantry), Padua (50 men-at-arms and 100 infantry), and Venice (an unspecified number of boats carrying troops). Command of the Este troops is assigned to Astorre Manfredi (leading, overall, 600 cavalry and 1,000 infantry). In mid-July, they gain victory in a clash with the enemy. Azzo d’Este is handed over to Manfredi. Niccolò d’Este must then pay an annual pension to the lord of Faenza for keeping this prisoner. Tensions soon arise when Manfredi demands further payment.
1396
Jan.EmiliaAttends the funeral of his counselor Filippo Roberti.
1398
………………RomagnaMediates peace in Ravenna among Obizzo da Polenta and his brothers.
Aug.VenetoTravels to Venice with the lord of Padua Francesco Novello da Carrara, then to Padua and Ferrara.
Oct.VenetoEnrolled into the Venetian nobility.
Dec.FerraraComp. venturaEmiliaHires the Compagnia della Rosa to oppose Bartolomeo Gonzaga, who is ravaging the Modena area with 2,000 cavalry.
1399
Apr.EmiliaLies at death’s door in Ferrara. His father-in-law Francesco Novello da Carrara arrives in the city to prevent any disturbances.
Aug.EmiliaThe regency council is restructured by the lord of Padua, naming Alberto Roberti as its president.
Dec.EmiliaThe regency council in Ferrara orders the arrest of Gian Galeazzo Manfredi, son of Astorre, while he is passing through the city. Venice intervenes in the dispute between Niccolò d’Este and the lord of Faenza. Under Venetian pressure, Niccolò d’Este signs an agreement with his rival, agreeing to pay 2,000 ducats annually for the cost of imprisoning Azzo d’Este. Takes part in a joust in Ferrara and, by unanimous decision, is awarded first prize.
1400
Mar.EmiliaTravels to Bologna, accompanied by 300 cavalry, on a pilgrimage to the Santa Maria in Monte sanctuary. He is hosted in the city at the monastery of San Domenico. Meets the Gozzadini. Then goes to Modena.
Aug.EmiliaOrders the capture of Gian Galeazzo Manfredi, son of Astorre, to retaliate for the father’s continual demands for money. Venice intervenes again, taking custody of Azzo d’Este from the lord of Faenza. In turn, Niccolò d’Este pays the Serenissima 3,000 ducats for holding his relative.
Sept.EmiliaReturns to Bologna to escape the plague devastating Ferrara. Hosted by the Pepoli. The Anziani present him with gifts of wine, spelt for his horses, wax, and confections.
1401
………………EmiliaIn Bologna and Modena, again due to the plague raging in Ferrara.
Sept.Emilia and LombardyPasses through Parma; goes to Milan to visit Gian Galeazzo Visconti, accompanied by 400 cavalry. Uguccione Contrari, Ugo Boiardi, and Nanne Strozzi are part of his retinue.
1402EmiliaReaches adulthood and transforms the regency council (selected earlier by his father-in-law) into a private council. Entrusts government duties to his close friend Uguccione Contrari, while he prefers to focus on warfare.
1403
Feb.VenetoIn Chioggia with Francesco Terzo da Carrara, awaiting Belfiore da Varano, bride of Giacomo da Carrara. In Padua, participates in a tournament pitting a blue team against a green one. Niccolò d’Este, leading the blue team, has brought 60 jousters from Ferrara. His side is awarded its prize, while the greens’ prize goes to Taddeo d’Este.
Mar.ChurchMilanCaptain General 300 lancesEmiliaVisited in Ferrara by Alberico da Barbiano, Manfredo da Barbiano, Ludovico da Zagonara, and Pietro da Polenta to persuade him to serve Pope Boniface IX (Bonifacio IX) under Cardinal Baldassarre Cossa, papal legate, against the Visconti. Named captain general of the league by Cardinal Baldassarre Cossa. Besides a pay of 12,000 florins (and a personal stipend of 1,000 florins for the entire war), he is promised the vicariate of Crespellano for life, the return of Nonantola and Bazzano, and recovery of Parma and Reggio Emilia. His tribute to the Apostolic Chamber is also reduced, commanding a total of 3,600 lances.
MayEmiliaAdvances into the territory of Parma, camps near the Enza bridge, and raids as far as San Lazzaro. Pushes on to Brescello, seizes 2,000 head of livestock, and captures 200 prisoners. Then retreats to Argelato in the Bolognese area and sets up camp on the Idice. Takes control of Crevalcore, whose inhabitants had submitted to him the previous month.
JuneEmiliaReceives in Ferrara the baton symbolizing his command. Challenges the Visconti army, personally addressing Bologna’s governor Leonardo Malaspina, and captures the fortress of Uccellino, poorly guarded. Alongside Alberico da Barbiano and Carlo Malatesta, takes the Poggio castle and gains Argelato.
JulyEmiliaWith Paolo Orsini, he lays siege to Bologna. Uguccione Contrari and a select contingent approach the walls, breach them, and place ladders to enter the city. About 200 soldiers manage to get inside Bologna, but Facino Cane counterattacks, driving back the troops of Contrari. Niccolò d’Este and Orsini in turn force Facino Cane to retreat into the city with heavy losses, freeing Contrari from a difficult situation.
Aug.Emilia, Lombardy, RomagnaDevastates the Parma and Reggio areas; besieges Parma and builds a pontoon bridge, which is destroyed by the Pallavicini. Withdraws to Mezzano Inferiore, occupies Coenzo, and crosses the Po. Moves to Cremona to meet Ugolino Cavalcabò, aiming to drive the papal troops into Lombardy. Is routed at Casalmaggiore by Ottobono Terzi. Fails to capture the castles of Nonantola and Bazzano. Returns to Navicello, crosses the Panaro again, and once more assails Argelato; after four days of failure, turns on Imola to force Ludovico Alidosi to abandon his Visconti alliance. At the signing of the peace of Caledio, he returns to Ferrara, denied the vicariate of Crespellano.
Sept.EmiliaGoes to Bologna to pay respects to Cardinal Legate Bartolomeo Cossa.
Nov. Dec.EmiliaSupports Cardinal Cossa in Bologna in putting down an attempted revolt by the Gozzadini against the Papal State. In December, the cardinal presents Niccolò d’Este with a mount confiscated from Bonifacio Gozzadini.
1404
………………PaduaMilanVenetoMoves to Padua with 500 lances to support his father-in-law Francesco Novello da Carrara and the Della Scala against the Visconti.
Apr.VenetoAttacks Verona. He is among the first to scale its walls along with many stipendiaries and crossbowmen, together with Giacomo da Carrara, Brunoro, and Antonio della Scala. Francesco Novello da Carrara has the city wall breached in two points. Ugolotto Biancardo and Bartolomeo Gonzaga rush to aid the sentinels on the battlements; crossbowmen from above strike them with bolts, halting their action. Niccolò d’Este attempts to seize the Ponte delle Navi and cross the Adige, defended by the Paduan exile Giovanni Dente; Verona is taken, all fortresses (except the citadel) fall to the attackers. After the battle, Niccolò d’Este knights Giacomo da Carrara, Brunoro della Scala, and his own captain general Filippo da Pisa. In Verona, he attends Guglielmo della Scala’s funeral and moves on Vicenza to besiege the city for several days; afterward returns to Padua and then heads to Venice.
MayFerraraMilan, ParmaEmiliaBack in Ferrara. With Uguccione Contrari and the Guelphs, he enters Reggio Emilia and halts at the citadel. This delay allows Ottobono Terzi to intervene and drive the Este forces away.
Sept.FerraraVeniceVenetoGoes to war against the Venetians to solve by force the matter of repaying the 50,000 ducats loan and to retake the Polesine. Marches to aid Francesco Novello da Carrara, dispatching to him troops led by Alberico and Manfredo da Barbiano. Following advice from his engineers Bertolino da Novara and Domenico da Firenze, he constructs the fortress of Sant’Alberto and other defenses on the Po di Volano at the crossings of Corbola, Ariano Polesine, and Tieni. With the Carrara infantry under Luca Lion, storms the Polesine at Ficarolo; captures Lendinara, Badia Polesine, Arquà Polesine, Villa del Duca, and San Martino di Venezze. A new contingent of infantry arrives from Padua, led by Crescimbene d’Albania and Cermisone da Parma; with them plus 400 cavalry, he harasses Rovigo and seizes 60 Venetians who fail to reach the city in time. Occupies the suburbs, then withdraws. With Alberico da Barbiano and Lo Sparapano heads toward Padua, besieged by the Venetians. At Limena, launches a night attack on Paolo Savelli’s camp, surprising the enemy and capturing 600 cavalry and 200 infantry; then moves into the Treviso area where Malatesta Malatesta has retreated. With Ugo di Monforte, amasses ample booty and many prisoners. Strikes Taddeo dal Verme, who, with 300 lances, is escorting 200 wagons of provisions from Mestre to Vigodarzere. The Venetians are defeated, and dal Verme surrenders to him. Finally enters Padua with the prisoners and loot estimated at 40,000 ducats.
Oct.VenetoIntensifies the siege of Rovigo with Francesco Novello da Carrara; sets up camp in the suburbs of San Bartolomeo and the Fornaci area near the Adige. Launches an all-out assault. Must soon leave the camp due to a severe fever; Francesco Novello also ceases operations after being wounded by a stone knocked loose by cannon fire. Only Manfredo da Barbiano remains at the siege of Rovigo, since his father Alberico has been recalled to the Kingdom of Naples.
Nov.EmiliaThe Venetians burn Comacchio and seize the fortress of Sant’Alberto. Niccolò d’Este moves to Argenta and outfits a fleet of 16 galleons plus other vessels, accompanied on land by Uguccione Contrari with 700 cavalry, to retake the fortress on the Po. He is driven back with the loss of many ships and withdraws to Argenta. The Venetians also capture the bastia of Zaniolo (Genivolo).
Dec.EmiliaHands over Crevalcore to the Papal State.
1405
Jan.EmiliaRecovers Ariano Polesine. Reaches Massa Fiscaglia and defends the Tieni crossing.
Feb.VenetoWith Uguccione Contrari and Filippo da Pisa, defeats Giovanni da Tossignano, who must flee onto the galleys of Giovanni Barbo. In the clash, Contrari is wounded, and three infantry constables are taken prisoner. Niccolò d’Este is attacked by the Gonzaga and is forced to evacuate the Polesine hastily.
Mar.EmiliaIn mid-month, abandons Francesco Novello da Carrara to his fate and comes to terms with the Venetians. The marquis of Ferrara’s capitulation is partly due to the famine affecting his lands.
Apr.VenetoGoes to Venice, where he is greeted with honors, and forsakes the Carraresi. Must cede to the Venetians the Polesine, with Camponovo Polesine, San Martino di Venezze, Sant’Alberto, and Castelguglielmo.
JulyEmiliaIn Bologna with the lord of Rimini, Carlo Malatesta, to reach an agreement among Antipope Alexander V and Alberico da Barbiano.
Sept.RomagnaPromotes a 15-day truce between Manfredo da Barbiano and Paolo Orsini.
1406
Aug.EmiliaConsidered an ally of the Papal State during a peace signed between the papacy and King Ladislaus of Naples (Ladislao d’Angiò).
Dec.EmiliaIn Parma at Christmas, present at the baptism of Ottobono Terzi’s son, Niccolò Carlo.
1407
Sept.LombardiaPersuades the lord of Cremona, Gabrino Fondulo, to reconcile with Ugolino Cavalcabò’s widow, lady of Viadana.
Oct.EmiliaHis total debt to the Serenissima is 126,679 ducats. Promises to repay it in monthly installments of 1,000 ducats from the following January onward.
1408
Jan.EmiliaHosts in Ferrara Alfonso of Portugal, returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
Apr.EmiliaCardinal Bartolomeo Cossa meets him at Poggio Renatico in an unsuccessful bid to reconcile him with Ottobono Terzi.
MayFerraraParmaEmiliaAllies with the Visconti, with Pandolfo Malatesta (lord of Brescia), and Gabrino Fondulo (lord of Cremona) to fight Ottobono Terzi, who continues to plunder the Modena area.
JuneEmiliaIs in Bondeno; at Navicello meets Muzio Attendolo Sforza; goes to Modena with 600 cavalry, accompanied by Uguccione Contrari, Filippo da Pisa, Ludovico di San Bonifacio, Roberto da Tossignano, Gherardo and Feltrino Boiardi, Alberico da Zagonara, Niccolò degli Obizzi, and Nanne Strozzi. Receives the submission of Obizzo da Montegarulli in Modena, challenges Ottobono Terzi in Reggio Emilia with no result; leaves Filippo da Pisa to govern Modena and returns to Ferrara.
Sept.EmiliaWelcomes Carlo Malatesta, lord of Rimini, in Ferrara.
Nov.Romagna, EmiliaPurchases from Ludovico da Zagonara the fortress of Conselice. In Ferrara, he hosts Polissena da San Severino, wife of Andrea Malatesta, who is traveling from Venice to Cesena.
1409
Jan.EmiliaTakes part in a war council at Finale Emilia with Pandolfo and Andrea Malatesta. Affirms his recognition of Antipope Alexander V and visits him in Pianoro.
Feb.EmiliaIn Bologna with Pandolfo Malatesta and Cardinal Cossa to discuss war developments against Ottobono Terzi.
Mar.EmiliaAntipope Alexander V awards him the Golden Rose. Niccolò d’Este seizes Dinazzano, belonging to Carlo da Fogliano, ally of Ottobono Terzi, and burns the village.
May, JuneEmiliaAfter much skirmishing and pillaging on both sides, Ottobono Terzi requests a negotiation with Niccolò d’Este at a location on the road between Reggio Emilia and Rubiera. Niccolò d’Este arrives with Uguccione Contrari, Muzio Attendolo Sforza, and 100 cavalry; Ottobono Terzi appears with his son Niccolò, his brother Jacopo, Carlo da Fogliano, and 90 cavalry. Ottobono Terzi is assassinated on the spot by Muzio Attendolo Sforza and Micheletto Attendolo, while 35, including Guido Torelli, are captured; Alidosio Forzaté among the Este side is also killed. Niccolò d’Este goes to Bologna for the funeral of Antipope Alexander V. Assigned to supervise the conclave, which ends with the election of Cardinal Baldassare Cossa as Antipope John XXIII (Giovanni XXIII). Returns to the field to attack the lands of the da Fogliano; secures the surrender of Dinazzano and Salvaterra, moves to Muzzadella, and assaults Jacopo Terzi at Guardasone. Sends garrisons to San Polo d’Enza and Montechiarugolo to gather supplies; stays at Pannocchia for six days. The Venetians intervene, having granted protection to the Terzi, so Niccolò d’Este halts the sacking of the Parma area during negotiations. Next, he lays siege to Reggio Emilia, encamping at San Maurizio. When Guardasone falls, he marches on Parma. Simone and Alberto da Canossa surrender four castles, including Canossa and Gesso. Envoy Francesco Foscari of Venice arrives; Niccolò d’Este attacks Parma and cuts its water supply. Giberto, Giovanni, and Martino di San Vitale incite the people to rebel against the Terzi and give the city to him. He enters Parma via Porta di San Michele, convenes a general council, and has Uguccione Contrari besiege the fortress where Jacopo Terzi has retreated. Four days later, he also takes Reggio Emilia, whose citadel soon yields.
JulyEmiliaRides into Parma led by 200 cavalry under Contrari through Porta di San Michele, opened by foes of Jacopo Terzi. Captures the Porta Nuova citadel after brief bombardment. The same fate befalls the fortress of Madregolo after a few cannon shots. In Parma, the Visconti serpent (biscione) is removed from the government palace and replaced by the white eagle of Este. Departs for Ferrara, leaving Jacopino Rangoni as his lieutenant in Parma.
Aug., Sept.Marche, Romagna, LombardiaGoes on pilgrimage with Feltrino Boiardi to the sanctuary of Loreto. In Cesena, meets the lords of Imola, Forlì, Faenza, and Venetian ambassadors to negotiate reconciliation between Carlo Malatesta, supporter of Pope Gregory XII, and Antipope John XXIII. Reported at Mantua to attend the wedding of Gian Francesco Gonzaga with a daughter of Andrea Malatesta.
1410
Mar.EmiliaLate at night, goes to the church of San Romano in Ferrara and has the saint’s relics (in a lead box) unearthed; the container is carried in a procession around the city.
JuneEmiliaWelcomes in Ferrara Filippo Scolari, ambassador of Emperor Sigismund of Hungary (Sigismondo d’Ungheria), en route to Florence.
Dec.EmiliaIn Bologna when John XXIII names Uguccione Contrari Gonfalonier of the Papal State and captain general.
1411
Feb.EmiliaIn Bologna with Louis of Anjou (Luigi d’Angiò), pretender to the throne of Naples, and Paolo Orsini.
Apr.Emilia, TuscanyEscorts Antipope John XXIII partway from Bologna to Florence.
MayFerraraForlìRomagnaBesieges Forlì with Guido Torelli; enters the city, where he is proclaimed lord.
JuneRomagnaForced to return Forlì to Giorgio Ordelaffi at the behest of the Antipope. The Bolognese grant him Nonantola for his aid at San Giovanni in Persiceto against Carlo and Pandolfo Malatesta; soon, an agreement is reached with them through mediation by Florence and Venice.
Dec.EmiliaOffers to serve Venice against Emperor Sigismund of Hungary with 300 lances. Exempted by the Apostolic Chamber from paying tribute.
1412
Oct.TuscanyIn Florence, lodged at the Alberti houses.
1413
Apr. JulyVeneto, Croatia, Greece, Cyprus, Holy Land, EmiliaAt the urging of his lover Stella dei Tolomei, departs from Venice on pilgrimage to Jerusalem with 52 companions, all in black with a red cross on their chests. The journey touches Pola, Zara (captained by Taddeo d’Este), Corfu, Modon, Stampalia, Rhodes, and Cyprus. Disembarks at Jaffa, and at the Holy Sepulchre knights some of his followers, including Pietro dei Rossi, Alberto del Sale, Francesco da Roma, Feltrino Boiardi, Niccolò degli Obizzi, and Tommaso Contrari. In Jerusalem, spends several nights in prayer, stretched on the floor with arms outstretched in a cross. On Golgotha, Alberto del Sale buckles a golden spur on his left foot; Niccolò d’Este reserves the right spur for a future pilgrimage to Saint James of Compostela. Continues to Bethlehem and then sails again from Jaffa. At Cyprus, reveals his identity and proceeds to Nicosia to pay respects to King James of Lusignan, meeting Venetian bailo Marco Giustinian. Returns to Ferrara in July. During his absence in June, King Ladislaus of Naples (Ladislao d’Angiò) names him captain general against the Florentines and the Antipope’s troops, offering a pay of 30,000/36,000 florins plus a baton of command. In his name, Uguccione Contrari designates Giovanni da Ferrara to sign the agreement.
Oct.500 lances and 300 cavalryEmiliaDeclines the position, pressured by John XXIII, but keeps the 22,800 florins he received as an advance. Instead, agrees to serve the Florentines against the same King Ladislaus for one year of active duty plus one of optional renewal. King Ladislaus sends Monaco d’Anna to Ferrara to demand the return of that sum.
Nov.Tuscany, RomagnaIn Florence to meet John XXIII. Later takes part in a joust in Cesena organized by his future father-in-law Andrea Malatesta.
1414
Feb.EmiliaWelcomes the Antipope to Ferrara. Together with Uguccione Contrari, accompanies him to the monastery of Sant’Antonio, personally leading his mule to the entrance of the bishop’s palace.
Mar.EmiliaUnder Venetian pressure, reimburses King Ladislaus of Naples (Ladislao d’Angiò) for the sum received as an advance. By July, included in the peace treaty between the King, the Antipope, and the Florentines.
June, Sept.Marche, Lombardia, Emilia, Liguria, Spain, France, Piedmont, EmiliaMakes another pilgrimage to Loreto; returns to Ferrara, travels through Mantua and Parma, and—still dressed as a pilgrim with 23 companions—crosses the Apennines via Fornovo and Borgo Val di Taro, then sails from Genoa to Spain. Visits the shrine of Saint James of Compostela; on his way back, stops at Saint-Antoine-l’Abbaye in the Dauphiné, continues to Paris to meet the King of France, and visits Mont-Saint-Michel. Revisits Saint-Antoine-l’Abbaye, then near Mondovì at the Castelletto di San Giacomo is treacherously captured by Manfredo del Carretto, Marquis of Ceva. Del Carretto tries to sell him to the Duke of Milan for 10,000 or 40,000 ducats; Filippo Maria Visconti refuses. A ransom of 11,000 ducats plus a rich dress for the marquis’s wife is imposed on him. The King of France intervenes, compelling his vassal, the Count Amadeus of Savoy, to act: Del Carretto is attacked, his castle razed, he is captured, and beheaded. Niccolò d’Este resumes his route via Saluzzo, reaches Savona, and secretly returns to Genoa. In October, is recorded in Parma, lodged in the bishop’s palace. In July, is among the Florentines’ allies under a peace treaty they sign with King Ladislaus.
………………Ferrarada CanossaEmiliaSeizes Castelnuovo and Felino from Bonifacio da Canossa.
1415FerraraMilan
1416
JulyEmiliaConcludes a two-year truce with Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. His first wife, Gigliola da Carrara, dies.
1417
Jan., JuneEmiliaIn Bologna, pledges to hand over the commune of San Giovanni in Persiceto. In June, cedes it to the Bolognese for 24,000 florins.
1418
Apr.RomagnaIn Ravenna.
July, Aug.EmiliaJoins a league backed by Venice with Pandolfo Malatesta (lord of Brescia) and Gabrino Fondulo (lord of Cremona), aimed against the Visconti. In August, signs a two-year truce with Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan.
1419
Feb.EmiliaHosts Pope Martin V (Martino V) in Ferrara, newly elected at the Council of Constance.
1420
MayFerraraBolognaEmilia, RomagnaAt Rocca delle Caminate for a hunting event held by Pandolfo Malatesta.
Dec.LombardiaReceived in Milan with significant honors.
1421
Jan.EmiliaFilippo Maria Visconti grants him Scandiano, Castellarano, Roteglia, and San Martino in Rio.
Feb.EmiliaOffers to mediate the conflict between the Venetians and the Visconti.
Apr.EmiliaAfter protracted talks, hands Parma and Colorno over to the Duke of Milan while retaining Reggio Emilia. Receives 28,000 florins.
………………RomagnaObtains the vicariate of Argenta from the Archbishop of Ravenna for an annual census of 200 ducats. To settle his debt to Venice, now at 166,000 ducats, he offers—through Uguccione Contrari—his military services to the Serenissima for 12,000 ducats a year, deducted from what he owes. The proposal is declined.
1423He draws closer to Filippo Maria Visconti, who grants him the castle of Lugo. At Giorgio Ordelaffi’s death, he requests custody of Forlì and guardianship of Teobaldo, the heir. Guido Torelli leaves for Imola to confront Ludovico Alidosi.
1424
Feb.Meets Florentine ambassadors Rinaldo degli Albizzi, Giuliano Davanzati, and Vieri Guadagni and offers to mediate peace between Florence and the Visconti.
Apr.VenetoAt Abano Terme for medical treatment; meets the Florentine Rinaldo degli Albizzi there.
1425
MayEmiliaLearns from a servant that his wife Parisina Malatesta is committing adultery with his illegitimate son Ugo. A hole is made in the ceiling of the room where they meet, and with a system of mirrors their encounters are observed. Has Ugo, Parisina, Aldobrandino Rangoni, and several maids arrested. After a hasty trial, all are sentenced to be beheaded, despite opposition from his counselors Uguccione Contrari and Alberto del Sale. They are buried at night in the church of San Francesco. Niccolò d’Este then issues an edict condemning female adulterers in Ferrara to the same fate as Parisina.
1426
Jan.RomagnaBuilds a bastion at Lugo.
Mar.FlorenceMilanCaptain General 500 lancesEmiliaIn Ferrara at the bishop’s palace. In mid-month, Palla Strozzi presents him with insignia of command; that same day, Antonio Contarini and Fantino Michiel, on behalf of the Venetians, give him the banner of Saint Mark. He leads 3,000 lances and 600 infantry.
Apr.EmiliaEnters the territory of Parma, staying on the banks of the Po to assist a Venetian fleet commanded by Francesco Bembo operating in the Cremona area.
MayEmiliaCamps at San Cesario sul Panaro, Spilamberto, and Vignola to oppose Guido Torelli, Carlo Malatesta, and Angelo della Pergola, who are traveling from Romagna to Lombardy with 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry. A foot soldier of Taliano Furlano, nicknamed Belacqua, informs him that the Visconti forces are positioned by the Panaro River; yet Niccolò d’Este remains passive, failing to warn his men, effectively letting the enemy cross at Vignola unhindered. He is suspected of connivance with the Visconti.
Sept.EmiliaHosts the new papal legate, Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, in Ferrara.
14271,200 cavalry
1429
Sept.RomagnaIn Rimini for the funeral of Carlo Malatesta.
Dec.Gains possession of some Garfagnana castles such as Castelnuovo Garfagnana, Gallicano, Trassilico, Cascio, Perpoli, Molazzana, Lupinaia, Verni, Cardoso, and Bolognana. That year he marries Ricciarda di Saluzzo, daughter of Marquis Tommaso.
1430EmiliaRemains neutral in the war between Venice and the Duchy of Milan, though he allows his son Borso to serve Venice with 200 lances.
1431Granted by King Charles VII of France permission to display golden fleurs-de-lis on a blue field in his coat of arms.
1432
JulyEmiliaInvested at Parma by Emperor Sigismund (Sigismondo d’Ungheria) with Castelnuovo Garfagnana, Gallicano, San Pellegrino, and Bar in the Ardennes.
1433
Apr., MayWith Marquis Ludovico di Saluzzo, arranges a compromise between Venice and the Visconti. Peace is signed in Ferrara in May.
JuneFranceVisits his fief of Bar.
Sept.EmiliaReceives Emperor Sigismund (Sigismondo d’Ungheria) in Ferrara, who knights his sons and enfeoffs him with 25 castles in the Modena area, the Reggio area, and Garfagnana.
Dec.EmiliaImprisons his secretary Giacomo Giglioli and the latter’s son Gigliolo, captain of Reggio Emilia, for a suspected conspiracy over the succession of Leonello d’Este instead of Borso d’Este. Both are executed the following January, and their property (worth about 200,000 ducats) is confiscated. The same fate befalls Niccolò and Marchesino Bergamino.
1434
JuneFranceMakes a pilgrimage to Saint-Antoine-l’Abbaye in the Dauphiné.
1436
Apr.MarcheNoted in the Marche. Meets Alessandro Sforza at Osimo.
JuneEmiliaVisits Bologna to pay homage to Pope Eugenius IV (Eugenio IV). Gains the fiefs of Lugo (for 14,000 ducats and 100 moggia of grain), Massa Lombarda, and Zagonara. Lodges in the home of Girolamo Bolognani on Via Santo Stefano.
1437
Jan.EmiliaWelcomes the pontiff in Ferrara.
Apr.MarchePasses through Fano (where he is greeted by Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta) en route to the sanctuary of Loreto, where he is honored by Alessandro Sforza.
JulyEmiliaReceives in Ferrara Gian Francesco Gonzaga, lord of Mantua, who aligns with the Duke of Milan against Venice. Promises to block the Venetian fleet from sailing the Po.
Aug.EmiliaSends Uguccione Contrari to Venice.
1438
Mar.EmiliaEmperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople arrive in Ferrara for the opening session of the general council convened by Pope Eugenius IV.
Aug.EmiliaThe Venetians, to secure his alliance, restore the Polesine with Rovigo, Camponovo Polesine, Castelguglielmo, and San Martino di Venezze, also reducing part of his debt.
1439
Jan.Emilia, TuscanyThe council is transferred to Florence because Niccolò d’Este can no longer cover expenses; he escorts Eugenius IV there to avoid Niccolò Piccinino’s ambushes, traveling via Finale Emilia, Modena, and the Frignano.
Feb.Venice, FlorenceMilan3,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantryEmiliaHis pay is funded two-thirds by Venice. In wartime, he receives a monthly stipend of 1,000 ducats, an advance of 30 ducats per lance for 2,000 cavalry, and 50 ducats per lance for the other 1,000. In peacetime, the force is reduced to 1,000 cavalry and 300 infantry. The contract is signed in the ducal palace in Ferrara.
Apr.TuscanyPasses through Siena en route to Bagni di Petriolo.
1440
………………Emilia, TuscanyEscorts Pope Eugenius IV between Modena and Florence.
MayEmiliaReceives the daughter of the Marquis of Saluzzo, who is traveling through Ferrara to Cyprus to marry that kingdom’s ruler.
Sept.RomagnaBuys for 11,000 ducats from Eugenius IV, via Patriarch Ludovico Scarampo, Bagnacavallo and Massa Lombarda, recently captured by Francesco Sforza from Guidantonio Manfredi.
1441
Apr.Emilia, LombardiaEscorts Bianca Maria Visconti from Ferrara to Milan for her marriage to Francesco Sforza. Negotiations fail, so he brings her back to Ferrara. The marriage eventually takes place that November after the peace of Cavriana. Niccolò d’Este is named governor of the Duchy by Filippo Maria Visconti, heads there with Uguccione Contrari, leaving his son Leonello d’Este in charge in Ferrara.
Sept.RomagnaTours Lugo and Bagnacavallo.
Dec.LombardiaSuddenly falls ill and dies at the end of the month in Milan, apparently poisoned by Francesco Sforza. Following his wishes, is buried naked in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Ferrara, without ceremony. Leaves four legitimate children and twenty-two born outside marriage. Two decades later, the Este commission from Florentine sculptor Antonio di Cristofano, a pupil of Filippo Brunelleschi, an equestrian bronze statue of Niccolò d’Este, set in Piazza della Cattedrale and later moved near the entrance of the Este Palace. The monument is destroyed in 1796 under Napoleonic edicts. His remains were recently transferred to the Corpus Domini monastery. A medal by Amadio di Milano features him; he is possibly depicted in the “Flagellation” by Piero della Francesca. Reopens the University of Ferrara, enhancing its prestige with notable scholars like Pietro d’Ancarano (from the University of Bologna), Antonio di Budrio, and Giovanni da Imola. Appears in some short stories by Matteo Bandello. His pilgrimage to the Holy Land is recounted by Matteo Maria Boiardo in the Orlando Innamorato. Marries Gigliola da Carrara, Laura Malatesta (Parisina), and Rizzarda di Saluzzo.

Sources

-“Fu Niccolò huomo..saggio, prudente, magnanimo, di grand’ingegno. A cui altra cosa non parea mancare, eccetto le lettere.” ALBERTI

-“Fu di natura formato di quello aspetto, e habito di volto, che tra gli armati fosse molto honorato, e fra senatori pacifici mostrasse anchora gravità regia, e persona molto riposata, e civile.” GIRALDI

-“Riuscì Nicolò..savio, magnanimo, prudente, e di grande ingegno, a cui altro non pareva mancasse che le lettere.” LOSCHI

-“Formato dalla natura con doni eccellenti per la robustezza della persona quadrata, rispondente a ben proportionata costruttura di capo, che in fronte grave e serena haveva occhi ridenti e moderati di non mediocre possanza: sì come anche nel ragionare e nel conversare molto potea con la facondia e con le grate maniere: formato ancora da propria virtù, acquistate non meno per diligenza indefessa, che per beneficio di lunga esperienza.” PIGNA

-“La sua inclinazione agli amori era proverbiale e, se Matteo Bandello in una delle sue novelle riferisce il detto popolare a Ferrara che “dietro il fiume Po, trecento figli del Marchese Nicolò hanno tirato l’altana delle navi” alludendo ai suoi svaghi villerecci e plebei, altra cantilena ferrarese era che “di qua e di là dal Po sono tutti figli di Nicolò” ed il cronista Caleppini, il quale gli attribuisce la bella cifra di “octocento donzele”, illustra l’irrefrenabile successo del marchese con le dame francesi, quando Nicolò nel 1414 compì un pellegrinaggio all’Abbazia di Sant’Antonio di Vienne nel Delfinato:  Quando questo signore zunse in la Franza/ le donne vedendo pur el signor zentile/ più se inamorava de lui cha de li mariti,/ e da quelli baroni gli era fati grandi inviti….Se l’abilità di Nicolò consistette soprattutto nell’opera di mediatore fra le maggiori potenze italiane in lotta fra di loro e se il suo equilibrio si manifestò nel sapersi a tempo liberare dai pericolosi disegni di guerre rovinose combattute in vista di molto ipotetiche conquiste, alcune manovre ben congegnate gli fruttarono non trascurabili espansioni territoriali. Nel 1430 la Garfagnana, per evitare l’invasione fiorentina si consegna a Nicolò, il quale se ne farà investire dall’imperatore Sigismondo, quando tre anni dopo passerà da Ferrara: si tratta di una regione montuosa, scarsamente produttiva, ma per gli Estensi significa una porta aperta verso il Tirreno e verso la Toscana. Con l’esborso di somme di denaro vengono acquisiti al dominio estense anche i territori romagnoli di Lugo, Bagnacavallo e Massa Lombarda. E quando nel 1440 il figlio Borso d’Este passa dal servizio nell’esercito veneziano a quello del duca di Milano con un voltafaccia chiaramente consigliato dal padre nonostante le ipocrite dichiarazioni di costui alla Serenissima (Nicolò arriva a togliere la propria grazia al figlio ed a fingersi malato per tanto dolore), si aggiungono alcuni grossi feudi come Crema, Novara e Castelnuovo di Tortona.” CHIAPPINI

-(Riguardo al suo pellegrinaggio in Terrasanta) “Poi se vedeva, di conti e di baroni/Accompagnato, con velle al vento/Andar cercando con devozione/La Santa Terra ed altre regione,” BOIARDO

-“Vé Nicolò, che tenero fanciullo/ il popul crea signor de la sua terra,/…Farà de’ suoi ribelli uscire a voto/ ogni disegno, e lor tornare in danno;/ ed ogni stratagemma avrà sì noti,/ che sarà duro il potergli fare inganno./ Tardi di questo s’avvedrà il terzo Oto,/ e di Reggio e di Parma aspro tiranno,/ che da costui spogliato a un tempo fia/ e de dominio e de la vita ria.” ARIOSTO

-“Fu questo Capitano eminente, non solo nel valor militare, ma in ogni altra parte degna di principe. Seppe maneggiar le guerre: ma, nel trattar anche le paci, e compor l’altrui differenze, hebbe maravigliosa destrezza e felicità. Amò singolarmente gli huomini dotti: e tenne appresso di sé con premi e honori grandi i più famosi di quel secolo in tutte le professioni..Era di giusta e quadrata statura, di carnagione bianca, di occhi azzurri e capelli neri.” ROSCIO

-“Fu Nicolò huomo saggio, prudente, magnanimo e di grand’ingegno. A cui altra cosa non parea mancare, eccetto le lettere.” SANSOVINO

-“Fu in pace e in guerra eccellente principe.” TARCAGNOTA

-“Principe di gran senno e di cuor generoso.” G. BONOLI

.-“Affidato in gioventù dal padre Alberto alla tutela e all’ insegnamento del celebre letterato Donato Albenzani, l’Este non divenne propriamente un principe umanista, e la sua cultura rimase ad un livello, secondo i canoni correnti, assai superficiale. E tuttavia provvedimenti quali la riapertura dell’università di Ferrara, la fondazione di quella di Parma, l’ordinamento della biblioteca marchionale, l’ospitalità prestata a prestigiosi uomini di scienza denotano una particolare sensibilità intellettuale..In Fiandra l’Este scritturò cantori, ma protesse ogni genere di arte e di industria: orologeria, oreficeria, ricamo, arazzeria, miniatura, musica. Chiamò dalla Toscana i miniatori Giovanni Falconi e Iacopino d’Arezzo, a Verona contattò il Pisanello;..stipendiò artisti fiamminghi per la tessitura di arazzi. Realizzò in tutto il dominio, e soprattutto a Ferrara, castelli, chiese, palazzi – tra tutti  basta citare quello di Belriguardo – ponti…La misteriosa – e brusca  scomparsa dell’Este privò la scena italiana di uno dei suoi più brillanti protagonisti. Nel corso della sua lunga esperienza di governo egli seppe superare gravissime difficoltà sul piano interno, con un potere che gli fu duramente contestato; ma soprattutto riuscì, in una situazione politica generale assai movimentata, caratterizzata dalla formazione e crescita di aggregazioni statali più vaste, gli stati regionali, a garantire la sopravvivenza della signoria.” MENNITI IPPOLITO

-“Vir pinguis, laetus, voluptati deditus..concubinas habuit multas ex quibus liberos plurimos suscepit.” PICCOLOMINI

-“Illustrem, cujus egregia virtus magnus in rebus bello et pace claruit.” CRIVELLI

-“D’imponente aspetto, talvolta magnanimo, tal’altra crudele, astuto e bonario; Niccolò III seppe guadagnarsi rispetto e considerazione da ognuno, tanto che nel suo lungo regno fu designato più volte a trattare alleanze e negoziati di pace.” FRANCIOSI

-“Né peggiore né migliore di tanti altri Niccolò ha i vizi e le virtù del tempo suo. Principe colto e raffinato, protettore di artisti e di letterati, amante del lusso, delle feste, delle gaie radunanze, volle essere il principe della pace, ed è veramente l’iniziatore della grandezza della sua casa.” NISSIM ROSSI

-“Fu Niccolò principe giusto et amato perfettamente dal popolo.” SARDI

-“Uomo..prudente, pacifico e savio, sensibile alle piaghe e alle miserie cagionate all’Italia dalle matte e ambiziose voglie dei principi e sudditi.” BASSETTI

-“Per li suoi gloriosi fatti riputato d’autorità, e valore singolarissimo..Fu di giusta, e quadrata statura, e forte assai: il volto hebbe colorito: gli occhi azurri, chiari: e i capelli neri.” CAPRIOLO

-“Se.. da un lato Nicolò comprendeva di non disporre di mezzi finanziari e umani adeguati per sostenere una guerra, dall’altro era consapevole che la posizione geografica del suo stato gli consentiva, se unita ad un’accorta politica di amicizie e di legami di ogni sorta con le famiglie dominanti delle altre realtà territoriali della penisola, di intervenire nelle questioni politiche del tempo e di accrescere il prestigio della sua casata anche senza l’uso delle armi.” GUERRA

-“Illustrissimo principe sereno/Marchese Nicolò de la ca’ d’Esti,/Che avesti di Venezia in mano il freno:/E poi per segni chiari e manifesti/Tant’opre eccelse singolari e magne/Com’è palese ancor che tu facesti;/E per pianure e valli e per montagne/Suona la fama tua tanto preclara,/Talché tuoi successor ancor ti piagne.” Cambino Aretino riportato da FABRETTI

-“Più che per le imprese belliche e politiche Niccolò è ricordato per la sua intensa attività amatoria. Matteo Bandello lo definisce “il gallo di Ferrara” e scrive “In Ferrara e nel contado non c’era cantone ove egli non avesse alcun figlio bastardo.” Fra il popolo era diffuso il detto: “di qui e di là del Po son tutti figli di Niccolò”. WIKIPEDIA

-“(Enjoys) a sold reputation as a condottiere, defending his city in the face of continual threats… He married again to the fourteen- years old Laura, usually known as Parisina, daughter of the Romagnol condottiere Andrea Malatesta. Her family story was a bizarre as her husband’s, as her mother had been murdered by her father just a few days after her birth. Parisina did provide Niccolò with children almost immediately, but they all suffered unfortunate fates: their only son died soon after birth and their eldest daughter in her teens; the middle child, Ginevra, was murdered at twenty-one by her husband, the infamous Sigismondo Malatesta.. The young and beautyful Parisina sought love outside her husband’s embrace. Niccolò had a natural son, Ugo, by one of the mistresses. In 1424 Parisina was permitted a visit to her father, but Niccolò insisted that Ugo accompany her as protection. The result was a consuming sexual affair between the stepmother and stepson.” BARTLETT

-Riguardo alla morte di Ugo d’Este e di Parisina Malatesta “Passato il terzo giorno, la mattina a buon’ora un di quei frati gli (Ugo d’Este) disse la messa; ed in fine il giovine con grandissime lagrime chiedendo a Dio e al mondo perdono dei suoi peccati, prese divotamente il santissimo corpo del nostro Salvatore. la sera poi, quasi ne l’imbrunir de la notte, in quella medesima torre per comandamento del padre gli fu dal manigoldo mozzo il capo. Fu altresì a la donna in quell’ora medesima ne l’altra torre tagliata la testa, ben che ella punto non mostrasse esser de la commessa sceleraggine pentita, perciò ché mai si volle confessare, anzi altro non faceva che pregare che una volta veder la lasciassero il suo signor Ugo.” BANDELLO

-“Niccolò ebbe verso Ferrara il merito di tenerla in pace e prosperità, di iniziarvi una forte vita culturale chiamandovi il Guarino come precettore di Lionello (il figlio maggiore) e maestro nello Studio: quella luce di poesia, che insieme all’arte illustrò Ferrara nel Rinascimento trae la sua prima origine da questi illuminanti gesti del marchese…Sotto Niccolò, Ferrara ebbe l’onore di ospitare il Concilio per l’unione della Chiesa Greca dal gennaio ’38 al gennaio ’39, trasferito poi a Firenze, col pretesto della peste, ma in fatto per l’avanzata delle armi dei Visconti così ostili a Eugenio IV. nei suoi 48 anni di regno Niccolò III diede al piccolo Stato una nuova importanza per la sua abile condotta, e di essa godettero i suoi successori.” SIMEONI

Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani è l'autore del sito Condottieri di ventura.