The Cost of Victory: Fieramosca’s Lost Fiefs and Spanish Court Politics

Italian CondottieriThe Cost of Victory: Fieramosca’s Lost Fiefs and Spanish Court Politics

A valiant condottiero in the service of the Spanish crown. His fame is bound to the so-called Challenge of Barletta, in which thirteen knights, led by Ettore Fieramosca, fought to defend the honor of the Italian soldiers—derided as cowards by their French enemies—against an equal number of opposing men-at-arms (among whom there was also one Italian). The victory at first brought Fieramosca honors, glory, and lordships. At a later stage, however, he was compelled to relinquish part of these holdings following the normalization of relations between Spain and France. Disillusioned, he died in Spain while attempting to assert his claims before the royal court. Such is the chronicle. From the nineteenth century onward, thanks to the historical novel by Massimo d’Azeglio, this figure underwent a profound transformation. Over time he emerged surrounded by an aura of romantic prestige, becoming a symbol of Italian heroism set against the foreign power occupying parts of the peninsula. Numerous paintings, poems, and novels drew inspiration from this renewed image. His name was bestowed upon city streets and schools; nor were ships lacking that bore his name—a steam frigate, a vessel equipped with both sails and engine, a cruiser, and a submarine—and, in 1900, three films, all inspired by his figure.

Indice delle Signorie dei Condottieri: ABCDEFGIJLMNOPQRSTUVZ

Ettore Fieramosca: From Spanish Mercenary to Italian Nationalist Myth

ETTORE FIERAMOSCA (Hector Fieramosca) of Capua. Count of Mignano Monte Lungo and of Miglionico; Baron of Acquara. Lord of Rocca d’Evandro, Camino, Caspoli, Galluccio, Camigliano, Romagnano al Monte, and Acquara. Son of Rinaldo Fieramosca; brother of Cesare Fieramosca and Guido Fieramosca.

Born: 1476
Death: 1515, January

Year, MonthState, Comp. venturaOpponentCommandArea of ActivityActions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts
1492NaplesCampaniaPage at the Aragonese court. He is granted a monthly allowance of 10 ducats.
1494NaplesFranceCampaniaObtains command of a contingent of mounted crossbowmen.
1496
…………LazioHe is present at the siege of Gaeta.
Nov.Inherits the condotta of his father Rinaldo.
1497Ascoli PicenoFermoMarcheTakes part with his brother Guido in the defense of the castle of Offida, from where he conducts continuous sorties against the opponents. He is confronted by Oliverotto da Fermo.
1498
…………CampaniaIn the first half of the year, he receives the castle of Caspoli as a fief from the King of Naples Frederick of Aragon (Federico d’Aragona).
June JulyMarcheReturns to fight the inhabitants of Fermo on behalf of the lord of Ascoli Piceno, Astolfo Guiderocchi. He is welcomed with all honors in Ripatransone.
1501
JulyNaplesFrance, SpainCampaniaDistinguishes himself against the French by leading an offensive action at the castle of Calvi where some enemies are entrenched. Moves to the defense of Capua under the orders of Fabrizio Colonna. He is captured with the fall of the city.
Aug.Campania and FranceAccompanies the Aragonese sovereign first to Ischia and, subsequently, to his imprisonment in France.
1502
Jan.CampaniaThe revenue from the new tax (gabella) of Capua and the fiefs of Rocca d’Evandro and Camino are seized from him by the French.
…………SpainFrancePugliaFights the French in Puglia between Andria, Trani, and Barletta under the orders of Prospero Colonna and Fabrizio Colonna.
1503
Jan.PugliaA duel takes place between 11 knights drawn by lot from the two camps. After a few days, the French appear under the walls of Barletta and challenge their opponents: several companies of infantry emerge, reinforced by the horses of the Colonna, among whom is also Ettore Fieramosca. The French leave several victims and some prisoners on the field, including La Motta (Charles de Torgue).
Feb.PugliaDuring a dinner, the premises for the famous “Challenge of Barletta” (disfida di Barletta) arise between thirteen French horses and as many Italians chosen from the companies of the Colonna: they are Ettore Fieramosca, Giovanni Capoccio, Giovanni Brancaleone, Ettore Giovenale, Marco Casellaro, Mariano Abignente, Romanello da Forlì, Ludovico Abenavoli, Francesco Salamoni, Guglielmo Albimonte, Miale da Troia, Riccio da Parma, and Fanfulla da Lodi. The clash occurs in the Sant’Elia district, between Andria and Corato, in the territory of Trani controlled by the Venetians. The victory goes clearly to the Italians: the winners are all knighted by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (Consalvo di Cordoba). The Spanish captain gives each of the winners a necklace composed of thirteen gold rings; everyone is given the right to add this emblem to their family coat of arms. Before the challenge, the French are so sure of victory that they did not bother to deposit the sum of 1300 ducats in advance with their field judge, which was the stake of the tournament along with the weapons and horses. When after the victory, the Italian field judge, artillery captain Diego de Vera, asks his French counterpart for the delivery of the stakes, the latter (named Pocodinari) is unable to meet the demands. Córdoba orders that the French champions be held hostage in Barletta until the complete delivery of the entire sum, which takes place four days later.
Apr.PugliaTakes part in the Battle of Cerignola alongside Andrea da Capua.
MayCampaniaEnters Capua at the head of 100 men-at-arms (500 horses); he drives out the French of Yves d’Allègre (Ivo d’Allègre) and Antonello da San Severino. The opponents flee toward Gaeta.
Oct.CampaniaMoves to the Garigliano valley. Under the orders of Fabrizio Colonna, he attacks Rocca d’Evandro and Camino, occupied by Federico di Monforte. Monforte is at the defense of Rocca d’Evandro with 50 horses and 100 French infantrymen. The opponent is forced to surrender on terms: he gives his son as a hostage and promises surrender if he does not receive reinforcements within five days. Francesco Gonzaga does not send them and the castle falls into the power of the Colonna.
1504
Aug.SpainStill alongside Prospero Colonna, he escorts Cesare Borgia to Spain. He is commissioned by the inhabitants of Capua to request the granting of certain privileges.
Oct.SpainThe King of Spain Ferdinand the Catholic (Ferdinando il Cattolico), from Medina del Campo, bestows upon him the title of “courtier of the king”; he also confirms the fiefs of Migliano, Monte Lungo, Rocca d’Evandro, Camino, and Camigliano, the new tax of Capua, and other feudal assets; he is also created Count of Miglionico and given the lordship of Acquara (of which he is named baron). The requested privileges are also granted to the inhabitants of the city of Capua. The castle of Miglionico is also called “of the Bad Counsel” (Malconsiglio) for having hosted a meeting of the barons rebelling against the King of Naples Ferdinand I of Naples (Ferrante d’Aragona) in 1485.
1505
Apr.CampaniaReturns to Italy with Prospero Colonna and Giovanni Battista Spinelli; he meets with Córdoba in Pozzuoli.
1506
Feb.CampaniaObtains from the King of Spain the annulment of the enfeoffment of Marcianise in favor of Andrea da Capua and the restoration of the jurisdiction of the municipality of Capua over that territory.
JulyCampaniaWith the Peace of Blois, a reconciliation process begins, culminating in the restitution of lost possessions to the old pro-French feudal lords. Fieramosca is thus forced to return Rocca d’Evandro and Camino to Monforte and the county of Miglionico to the Prince of Bisignano, Bernardino da San Severino. In exchange, he is offered an income of 600 ducats from the salt tax of Civitella del Tronto. He does not accept the exchange, also because Rocca d’Evandro and Camino provide him an income of 545 ducats and Miglionico 220. He remains obstinate in not wanting to hand over Rocca d’Evandro, already granted to him by King Ferdinand I of Naples (Ferrante d’Aragona). He is imprisoned in a castle by Ferdinand the Catholic, who is still in Naples. He is released under pressure from Prospero Colonna; some promises are made to him by the King of Spain.
…………CampaniaThe new viceroy, the Count of Ripacossa, has the disputed castles surrendered and assigns him only the 600 annual ducats previously proposed. Following economic difficulties, he is forced to sell Camigliano and Acquara to Giulio de Scortatis.
1507
Jan.CampaniaWith his brother Guido and other citizens, he is chosen by the inhabitants of Capua to swear an oath in Naples in the hands of the King of Spain.
1510
Apr.CampaniaDespite the opposition of the King of Spain, he tries to enter the service of the Venetians. He asks for a condotta of 100 men-at-arms and 100 light horse, the command of the artillery, and a company of 150 light horse for each of his two brothers, Guido and Cesare. He also offers himself for a diversionary action in Puglia with the help of the fleet of the Serenissima. Negotiations fail quickly due to his demands.
1512
Mar.The King of Spain gives his consent to the sale of the fief of Acquara to Giulio de Scorziatis.
Apr.SpainFranceRomagnaServes under the orders of Fabrizio Colonna. Takes part in the Battle of Ravenna in which he is seriously wounded.
1514SpainMoves to Spain.
1515
Jan.SpainDies at the end of the month in Valladolid. He is buried in that city. Protagonist of the novel of the same name by Massimo d’Azeglio, “Ettore Fieramosca o la Disfida di Barletta“. The steam frigate “Ettore Fieramosca“, belonging to the navy of the Kingdom of Naples, was launched in his name in 1850, and the submarine of the same name in 1926. In the city of Barletta, the state middle school and the local monthly magazine “Il Fieramosca” are named after Fieramosca. In 1800, the commander was portrayed by Filippo Palizzi. The name “Ettore Fieramosca” also appears in three films: the first in 1915, directed by Domenico Gaido; the second in 1938, directed by Alessandro Blasetti and played by Gino Cervi. Finally, in 1976, the commander is the protagonist in “Il soldato di ventura“, directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile with Bud Spencer.

Sources

-“Circondato da un alone di romantica fama, la figura di questo capitano è rimasta nella storia d’Italia, come tipico esempio di valore e di coraggio personale, appassionando fantasie di pittori, di poeti e di romanzieri.” ARGEGNI

-“Piccolo di corpo, ma d’animo grande e di forza meravigliosa.” FARAGLIA

-“Valoroso soldato ne i tempi del Re cattolico.” BACCO

-“Nato di nobilissimo sangue.” ULLOA

-“Fortissimum militem aetate Catholico regio.” BACCI

-“Nostro gran Capitano.” GRANATA

-“…era hector feramoscha/ Che sempre in arme honor ha portato/ fe vedere ali francesi l’aer fosche.” DANZA

-“Che sempre in arme honor ha portato/ Fe veder a Francesi l’aier foscha/ Quando el combatté dentro lo steccato.” Da “Guerre orrende d’Italia” in GUERRE IN OTTAVA RIMA

-“La figura di Ettore Fieramosca sarebbe assurta a simbolo del valore e dell’orgoglio nazionale, soprattutto in epoca risorgimentale, grazie anche al famoso romanzo che Massimo d’Azeglio dedicò al fiero Capitano di Capua.” GAZZARA

-“Famigerato.., dapprima paggio della corte aragonese, poi comndante dei balestrieri e famoso uomo d’arme, passava alla storia per essere stato eletto il campione dello scontro svoltosi il 13 febbraio del 1503 nella piana tra Andria e Corato, noto come Disfida di Barletta.” NUCIFORO

-“(Nella cultura di massa) Alla sua figura, eretta in epoca risorgimentale a simbolo del valore nazionale, si ispira il romanzo storico “Ettore Fieramosca” di Massimo d’Azeglio del 1833 e le sue rielaborazioni cinematografiche. “Ettore Fieramosca” del 1913, diretto dai registi Domenico Gaido e Umberto Paradisi, l’omonimo “Ettore Fieramosca”, film propagandistico del 1938, interpretato da Gino Cervi e diretto da Alessandro Blasetti, e in chiave più ironica ne “Il soldato di ventura” del 1976 diretto da Pasquale Festa Campanile, in cui il condottiero è interpretato da Bud Spencer. In “Totò e le donne”, Totò paragona nella sua immaginazione la donna che avrebbe dovuto sposare a Ettore Fieramosca, in quanto sarebbe andata a letto con lui ricoperta di giornali e con maschera facciale come se fosse una corazza per conservare la sua bellezza. Il compositore Vincenzo Ferroni gli dedica il dramma lirico “Ettore Fieramosca” (1896). Col suo nome furono varate nel 1851 la pirofregata, appartenente alla Real Marina del Regno delle Due Sicilie e in seguito incorporata dalla Regia Marina, nel 1888 l’incrociatore e nel 1926 il sommergibile. Nella città di Capua, sua città natale, gli è stata dedicata una delle due scuole medie statali e la strada sulla quale insiste lo storico Palazzo Fieramosca. In occasione della riqualificazione di piazza Umberto I è stato inaugurato nel 2016 un moderno monumento in bronzo raffigurante l’elmo del cavaliere capuano, opera dell’artista locale Arturo Casanova. A Barletta sono intitolate al nome del cavaliere capuano le scuole medie statali “Ettore Fieramosca” e la rivista mensile locale “il Fieramosca”. WIKIPEDIA

“La prima cura di Fieramosca, finito appena il combattimento, fu gettarsi da cavallo e correre a Graiano d’Asti, che giaceva immobile nel luogo ov’era caduto. Quando Brancaleone (uno dei tredici italiani) ebbe fatto il bel colpo, il cuor generoso di Ettore non aveva pur potuto difendersi da un primo moto di gioia. Ma nato appena, lo represse un sublime e virtuoso pensiero. Venne a lui, fece scansar la gente che gli stava affollata intorno, e gli s’inginocchiò accanto. Il sangue scorreva ancora dall’ampia ferita, ma lento ed aggrumato: gli sollevò il capo adagio, adagio, e con tanta cura, che si sarebbe pensato a salvare il suo più caro amico, e giunse a liberarlo dalla barbuta….”Codesta tua arma” (la mazza ferrata di Brancaleone che ha spaccato il cranio a Graiano d’Asti) ed additava l’azza (sempre Ettore Fieramosca) che quegli teneva in pugno stillante ancora di sangue, ha compiuto oggi una gran giustizia. Ma come potremmo godere di tal vittoria? Il sangue che inzuppa questa terra non è egli sangue italiano? E costui, forte e prode in guerra, non avrebbe potuto spargerlo a sua ed a nostra gloria contra i comuni nemici? La tomba di Graiano allora sarebbe stata venerata e gloriosa; la sua memoria, un esempio d’onore. Invece egli giace infame, e sulle sue ceneri peserà la maledizione de’ traditori della patria.” D’AZEGLIO

-“Quadri, carmi, romanzi sono stati ispirati dal valore del Fieramosca e dalla disfida: nella letteratura patriottica e romantica del Risorgimento fra i libri che si scrivevano per combattere e vincere una battaglia ha un posto d’onore l'”Ettore Fieramosca” di Massimo d’Azeglio.” PALUMBO (Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana Giovanni Treccani)

SPECIFIC BIOGRAPHIES 

-N. F. Faraglia. Ettore e la casa Fieramosca

-Massimo D’Azeglio. Ettore Fieramosca o La disfida di Barletta

Immagine: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Fieramosca

Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani è l'autore del sito Condottieri di ventura.