A Lombard commander who unified factions through calculated persistence
Teodoro da Trivulzio (Girolamo Teodoro da Trivulzio) of Milan. A Guelf. Count of Lauria, Marquis of Pizzighettone. Lord of Borgomanero, Maccastorna, Melzo, Melegnano, Formigara, and Zevio. Cousin of Renato da Trivulzio and og Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, father-in-law of Gianfrancesco da Trivulzio, and uncle of both Renato da Trivulzio and Paolo Camillo da Trivulzio. Knight of the Order of Saint Michael. Marshal of France.
1458 ca.-1532 (october)
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| …………….. | Naples | He served for eighteen years under the Aragonese, joined the royal council, was appointed Count of Lauria in Basilicata, and granted Villamarina in the Abruzzi. Many Neapolitans served in his companies. | |||
| 1482 | |||||
| Aug. | Naples | Church | Latium | He was wounded at the Battle of Campomorto. | |
| 1483 | |||||
| Sept.–Oct. 1483 | Naples | Venice | Lombardy | At Mantua with Francesco Secco for the blessing of the allied banners in the Church of San Francesco; he bore the standard of Saint Michael. In October, he took part in the siege of Asola. | |
| 1487 | |||||
| Apr. | Campania | Present at the royal castle in Naples at an event organized by Ferdinand of Aragon (Ferrante d’Aragona) honoring his cousin Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, newly appointed general governor of the Aragonese men-at-arms. | |||
| 1494 | Naples | France | |||
| 1495 | |||||
| Feb. | Campania | Did not accompany his kinsman Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio when he defected to the French; remained loyal to the Aragonese. | |||
| June | Naples | France | Calabria | Under Gonzalo de Córdoba (Consalvo di Cordoba), he was defeated by Aubigny at Seminara. | |
| …………….. | Campania | The Aragonese were defeated; Teodoro da Trivulzio escorted King Ferdinand of Aragon to Ischia. | |||
| 1496 | |||||
| Feb. | Campania | Recorded at Grottaminarda. | |||
| May | Apulia | At Lucera with Annibale da Varano and Andrea da Capua. | |||
| 1499 | |||||
| Oct. | France | Milan | Lombardy | Accompanied King Louis XII in his formal entry into Milan. | |
| 1500 | |||||
| Feb. | France | Sforza | Lombardy | Fought Ludovico Sforza in his attempt to retake Milan; with Galeazzo da Birago, sought to keep Milan loyal to the French. | |
| Mar. | Piedmont | Took part in the defense of Novara; captured when the city opened its gates to Sforza’s forces. | |||
| Apr. | Piedmont; Lombardy | Freed after Ludovico Sforza’s flight; entered Milan with Antonio Maria Pallavicini, assuring the populace against a general sack. | |||
| 1501 | |||||
| Sept.–Oct. | Lombardy; Trentino | In Milan; in October accompanied the Cardinal of Rouen to Trento for peace talks between France and Emperor Maximilian I of Austria. | |||
| 1502 | Lombardy | In December reinforced a gate at Pizzighettone with a ravelin to block communications with Venetian territory; unsuccessfully claimed jurisdiction over his estates in Formigara under the Serenissima. | |||
| 1503 | |||||
| Mar. | France | Swiss Cantons | Lombardy | Assigned to monitor Swiss movements along the duchy’s borders; raised infantry in the Milanese region. | |
| Dec. | France | Spain | Latium | Engaged Spaniards in the Kingdom of Naples; took part in the Battle of Garigliano; retreated to Gaeta with Antonello and Bernardino da San Severino and Giovanni di Sainte-Colombe. | |
| 1504 | |||||
| Jan. | Latium | Negotiated surrender terms with Gonzalo de Córdoba for Marquis Ludovico di Saluzzo. | |||
| 1507 | |||||
| …………….. | 25 lances | Lombardy | Stationed at Melegnano. | ||
| Apr.–May | France | Genoa | Liguria; Lombardy | Fought the Genoese; in May accompanied King Louis XII into Milan, holding the stirrup on the left. | |
| June | Lombardy | Participated in the castle tournament in Milan: with the Chaumont and Francesco Gonzaga (100 men-at-arms armed with clubs), assaulted a wooden tower defended by equal numbers; several were killed or wounded, and Louis XII halted the combat. | |||
| 1508 | |||||
| Nov. | Lombardy | Provided a 4000-ducat guarantee for Giovanni Scotti, detained for debts in Sforza Castle. | |||
| 1509 | |||||
| Mar. | France | Venice | 30 lances | Lombardy | |
| Apr. | Lombardy | Took part in the Battle of Agnadello. | |||
| June | Veneto | Participated in the capture of the fortress of Legnago. | |||
| Aug. | Veneto | Present at the siege of Padua; fell into discord with Ludovico della Mirandola. | |||
| 1510 | |||||
| Mar. | 50 lances | Veneto | Defended Verona. | ||
| May | Lombardy | Commanded his company in the Cremonese area. | |||
| July | France | Venice; Church | 50 lances | Veneto | At the field of Santa Croce Bigolina on the Brenta. |
| Aug. | Veneto; Emilia | At Vicenza; end of month left Olmo camp and moved to Emilia to assist Alfonso d’Este with 150 lances; reached Parma. | |||
| Oct. | Contacted by Florentines to switch to their pay. | ||||
| Nov. | Emilia | End of month crossed the Po; the French granted him a pension of 3000 Tornesi lire. | |||
| 1511 | |||||
| Spring | Emilia | Led the vanguard in the conquest of Bologna under Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio. | |||
| May | Emilia | Defeated Francesco Maria della Rovere at Casalecchio di Reno; took Raffaello dei Pazzi prisoner on the bridge. | |||
| June–July | Lombardy | Returned to Lombardy; stationed two months with 100 lances near Rovato; visited Formigara and Bergamo. | |||
| Nov.–Dec. | France | Swiss Cantons | Lombardy | Under Gastone de Foix and Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, led 500 lances and ~2000 infantry with artillery; tasked to block 16,000 Swiss advancing toward the Papal State; defeated at Boffalora sopra Ticino—horse killed, Lautrec and La Palisse wounded—then fortified Milan and organized defenses; Swiss returned home after sacking Lombard towns. | |
| 1512 | |||||
| Jan. | Emilia | At Langhirano. | |||
| Apr. | Romagna | Took part in the Battle of Ravenna where Gastone de Foix was killed. | |||
| May | Lombardy; France | After the French defeat, retreated to France. | |||
| June | France | Ordered to raise 4000 infantry; withdrew under pressure from Swiss and Venetians; returned to France; Sforza seized Borgomanero. | |||
| Oct. | France | England | France | Fought the English in Burgundy. | |
| 1513 | |||||
| Mar.–Apr. | 50 lances | France | Declared rebel by Duke Massimiliano Sforza of Milan; in April met at Cahors with Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio and Bartolomeo d’Alviano; sent to Venice; retained 50-lance conduct. | ||
| May | Venice | Spain; Empire; Milan | France; Emilia; Veneto; Lombardy | Departed France with d’Alviano; visited Ferrara, Chioggia, Venice; lodged in the former Estense palace; received at Santo Spirito; audience with Doge and Pregadi; witnessed banner ceremony in San Marco; reached Padua, Vicenza, San Bonifacio; attacked Verona—Porta Vescovo walled, bridge at Zevio planned; moved to Caravaggio; joined conquest of Cremona; imprisoned Alessandro and Galeazzo Sforza in Pizzighettone. | |
| June | Lombardy; Veneto | Followed Domenico Contarini‘s forces to Milan; after uprising returned to San Bassano camp; French defeated at Novara; supported d’Alviano at Roncà, San Giovanni Lupatoto, Peschiera del Garda. | |||
| Aug. | Veneto | Defended Padua against Spanish assault. | |||
| Oct. | Veneto | Led a column at the center; flanked d’Alviano at Limena; guarded Vicenza; did not engage at Creazzo; after defeat, closed city gates—repelled fleeing Venetians; fell ill; attended funerals in the Basilica of Saint Anthony for Antonio and Costanzo Pio. | |||
| 1514 | |||||
| Feb.–June | Veneto | Governed Padua whenever d’Alviano departed for Venice or offensive campaigns. | |||
| July | Veneto | Awarded 500 ducats by the Council of Savi; present at d’Alviano’s son’s baptism. | |||
| Oct.–Dec. 1514 | Veneto | Guarded Padua with 1000 infantry during the siege of Rovigo; in December, executed two soldiers for theft. | |||
| 1515 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto | Following King Louis XII’s death requested leave to France for homage to Francis I; persuaded by d’Alviano to remain. | |||
| May–July | Veneto | Hosted Renzo da Ceri; resumed governance of Padua; met French ambassador Scaramuccia da Trivulzio; discussed alliance and mills purchase; at field of Este. | |||
| Aug.–Sept. | France | Empire; Milan | 50 lances | Veneto; Lombardy | Supported d’Alviano at Badia Polesine, Ostiglia, Casola, Marcaria; joined Battle of Melegnano; entered Milan; confirmed as Marquis of Pizzighettone; lent 7000 ducats to Venice; sent with René of Savoy for Venetian aid. |
| Oct. | Lombardy; Veneto | Reached d’Alviano at Ghedi; conveyed his body to Venice; captured Peschiera, Asola, Lonato; began bombardment of Brescia; with Navarro organized artillery and mining operations. | |||
| Nov. | Lombardy | Sent Manfrone and Mercurio Bua against Prospero Colonna; consulted King Francis I in Milan. | |||
| Dec. | Lombardy | Negotiated with Venetian ambassadors; present at ambassador Piero Pasqualigo’s funeral; debated as governor-general. | |||
| 1516 | |||||
| Jan.–Feb. | Venice | Empire; Milan | Governor-general; 200 lances, 100 light cavalry | Lombardy | Appointed Venetian governor-general; war council in Milan; resumed Brescia siege with 2500 cavalry, 7000 infantry; fortifications at Salò, Anfo, Val di Sabbia, Gavardo, Peschiera inspected. |
| Mar. | Lombardy | War council in Cremona; defended Po line; sent 500 lances, 2000 infantry to Asola; repelled imperial attack on Milan. | |||
| Apr. | Lombardy | Recovered Lodi; returned to Milan; assisted in defense. | |||
| May | Lombardy | Joined Bourbon at Spirano; resumed siege of Brescia; occupied Nave; siege operations with mines and trenches; negotiated truce terms. | |||
| June | Veneto; Lombardy | Directed bridge building on the Mincio; sent troops to Valpolicella; camped at Lonato, Solferino, Volta Mantovana; atrocities reported; Brescia handed to Venice; occupied Monzambano. | |||
| July | Veneto | Encamped at Cavalcaselle, Castelnuovo del Garda; Swiss captains defected to French. | |||
| Aug. | Veneto | Deployed saboteur plot in Verona; siege intensified; multi-national force employed heavy artillery. | |||
| Sept. | Veneto | Camp rift among troops; repelled Colonna sortie; withdrew to San Michele Extra; artillery breaches laid; German reinforcements arrived. | |||
| Oct.–Nov. | 200 lances, 300 light cavalry | Veneto | Stationed Povegliano Veronese; supply interdiction; faced mutiny risk; influence limited. | ||
| Dec. | Veneto | Oversaw troop payments post-peace; French dismissed ten lances. | |||
| 1517 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto | Met at Dossobuono with Bishop Bernard of Cles; Verona delivered to France; troops wintered across Lombardy and Veneto. | |||
| Mar. | Veneto | Inspected Venetian defenses; visited Venice and Arsenal; received gubernatorial symbols. | |||
| Apr.–June | 200 lances, 100 light cavalry | Veneto; Lombardy | Visited Venice, Milan, Verona with family; lodging provided; annual conduct cost assessed. | ||
| July | Veneto | Defended constable George of Vailate; resolved conflict with Verona authorities. | |||
| Aug.–Sept. | Veneto | Supervised Portello castle works; inspected Montagnana and Legnago fortifications. | |||
| Nov.–Dec. | Veneto | Reviewed companies at Campo di Marte; extended conduct; deployed forces to Concordia. | |||
| 1518 | |||||
| May | Veneto | Hosted Duke Alfonso d’Este in Verona. | |||
| Sept. | Veneto | Summoned to Venice; financial support extended; received in College. | |||
| Nov.–Dec. | Veneto; Lombardy | Met Duke of Ferrara; returned to Milan; awaited French royal decision; financed troops. | |||
| 1519 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy | Attended Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio’s funeral; led Guelph faction against Visconti. | |||
| Feb. | Veneto | Term expired; audience with Doge and Ten; lodged in Verona. | |||
| Sept. | Lombardy | Consulted Lautrec in Milan. | |||
| Nov. | Veneto | Hosted imperial commissioners. | |||
| 1520 | |||||
| Mar. | 1000 light cavalry | Veneto | Held French and Venetian commands; pensioned by France; commanded Asti lances. | ||
| Apr. | Veneto | Sent light cavalry to Sacile against Turkish raids. | |||
| May–June | Veneto | Council of Ten attendance; acquired land near Zevio for mounts. | |||
| Oct. | Lombardy | Invited to Milan by Lautrec and Gritti. | |||
| 1521 | |||||
| Mar. | Lombardy | Falcon hunting with Lautrec; strategic briefing to Venice. | |||
| Apr.–May | Lombardy; Veneto | Military planning with Lautrec; defense reports on key fortresses; submitted improvements for Padua. | |||
| June | Veneto | Investigated Sforza conspiracy in Brescia. | |||
| July | Venice | Empire | Lombardy | Diplomacy and troop recruitment; war council in Milan. | |
| Aug. | Lombardy; Emilia | Camp moves from Chiari to Verolanuova; strategic deployments; coordinated with French. | |||
| Sept.–Oct. | Emilia; Lombardy | Advanced to San Secondo; rearguard actions; encamped at Pontevico. | |||
| Nov. | Lombardy; Veneto | Defended Milan at Porta Ticinese; captured and ransomed. | |||
| 1522 | |||||
| Jan. | Veneto; Lombardy | Venice arrival; ransom partial payment; rebel status declared. | |||
| Feb.–Mar. | Lombardy | Banned by Sforza; siege of Milan and Pavia; illness and retreat to Bergamo. | |||
| Apr. | Lombardy | Supported Lautrec at Bicocca; arquebusier deployment; Swiss vanguard destroyed. | |||
| May | Lombardy | Retreat to Lodi and Pontevico; nephew sent for negotiations with Milan. | |||
| June–Sept. | Lombardy; Veneto; Emilia | War end activities; Venetian discharge; assist Alfonso d’Este in Ferrara. | |||
| Oct. | Ferrara | Church | 140 lances | Emilia | Stationed with French confirmation of 50-lance conduct. |
| Nov.–Dec. | France | Empire; Venice | Emilia; Lombardy | Occupation of Reggio Emilia; civic requisitions; fortress demolitions. | |
| 1524 | |||||
| Jan. | Lombardy | Moved through Lodi, Maccastorna, Pizzighettone; returned to Lodi. | |||
| Feb. | Lombardy | Released Venetian messenger; escorted to Crema; maneuvered toward Abbiategrasso. | |||
| Apr. | Piedmont | Defended Novara; defeated at Romagnano Sesia; health issues but maintained Venetian rapport. | |||
| Aug. | France | Defended Provence with 100 lances. | |||
| Oct. 1524 | Piedmont; Lombardy | Entered Asti; joint French-Imperial movement in Milan. | |||
| Nov. 1524 | Lombardy | Coordinated fortification of Milan; levied taxes for Grisons and Swiss pay. | |||
| 1525 | |||||
| Jan. 1525 | Lombardy | Guarded Milan; troop recall to Pavia. | |||
| Feb. 1525 | Lombardy; Switzerland | Cavalry raids; Pavia defeat retreat via Lake Maggiore; joined Alençon rearguard. | |||
| Mar.–May | 100 lances | Switzerland; France | Organized Locarno defenses; made Marshal of France; appointed governor of Lyon; envoy to Venice. | ||
| Sept. | France | Lyon governorship; promulgated Anglo-French treaty. | |||
| Oct. | France | Company reduction under royal-imperial agreement. | |||
| 1526 | |||||
| May | France | Attended parliamentary sessions in Lyon and Paris. | |||
| June | 60 lances | France | Participated in Anti-Imperial League at Cognac and Angoulême. | ||
| July | France | Joined royal council; continued as Lyon governor. | |||
| 1527 | |||||
| June | France | Settled 10,000-ducat Venetian debt over five years. | |||
| Aug. | France | Empire | Piedmont; Liguria | At the side of Lautrec at Bosco Marengo; with the conquest of Genoa, he was appointed governor of the city; first act secured from Francis I was the submission and return of Savona to the Genoese. | |
| 1528 | |||||
| Apr.–Aug. | Liguria | Gathered 2000 infantry to defend Genoa against threats from the Adorno; in May protested to Venice over the transfer of Cesare Fregoso from Liguria to Friuli; in August, despite a 10000-ducat debt, lent Venetians 15000 ducats for war needs. | |||
| Sept.–Oct. 1528 | Liguria | When Genoa was nearly undefended due to plague, corsair Andrea Doria attacked Trivulzio by sea with Filippino and Lazzaro Doria (several galleys and 500 infantry); on land French forces were attacked by Sinibaldo Fieschi; Trivulzio and 3000 soldiers retreated to the Castelletto; requested aid which did not arrive and surrendered at the end of October due to lack of provisions; the fortress was demolished by the inhabitants. | |||
| Nov. | France | At Alexandria; returned to the government of Lyon. | |||
| 1529 | |||||
| Feb. | Piedmont | At Alexandria. | |||
| Apr.–Aug. | Emilia; Veneto | Sent as ambassador by Francis I to Venice; met by Battista da Martinengo at Piacenza; in the College lobbied for the return of Ravenna and Cervia to the Papal States; in June lent 6000 ducats for troops in Milan; in July took leave; in August appointed lieutenant in Lombardy by Francis I, causing opposition from Gabriele d’Allègre and Annebault; joined his wife in Verona; returned to France that autumn. | |||
| 1530 | |||||
| Oct. | France | At Blois; received 800 scudi from Francis I; his credit with the crown exceeded 40000 scudi. | |||
| 1531 | |||||
| …………….. | Lombardy | ||||
| July–Aug. | 100 lances | France | Continued as governor of Lyon; in August operated in the Dauphiné. | ||
| 1532 | |||||
| Oct. | France | Died in Lyon; buried in the Dominican Church of Santa Maria del Conforto; built the chapel of San Teodoro in Santo Stefano, Milan; Venetians placed his coat of arms on Porta Vescovo in Verona; married Bona Bevilacqua. |
Sources
-“Cugino del celebre Gian Jacopo, ma molto meno provetto di costui come comandante militare.” MALLETT
-“Uomo buono, prudente e valoroso.” VARCHI
-“Fu notato in lui solo ..prudenza, valore e virtù.” LAZARI
-“Belo e grande homo et homo di guerra.. Un degno omo e saputo.” SANUDO
-“E’ homo degno, fedel, sa ben il mestier di le arme, tien ben la sua compagnia, non vol si fazi danni; ma è tardo e pigro. Ha questa natura, non si pol far altro, et è bon come l’è per questa Repubblica, a la qual porta grande amor et fede.” Giudizio di Andrea Gritti, riportato dal SANUDO
-“Huomo né ardente, né desideroso di combattere; ma una persona, che per la lunga militia, percioch’egli era intervenuto in più battaglie d’Italia, che alcuno altro capitano del suo tempo, era stimato ottimo di consiglio.” GIOVIO
-“Quale è molto existimato ed a lui ogniuno deferisse. Tutta la fazion sua lo ha per capo e signor, e vien etiam existimato ed amato da li gebellini, che non sono capellazi, ma che attendono a viver, perché l’è tenuto per signor da bene, che non ha mai fatti despiaceri ad alcuno..sa ben dissimular la colera ed è assai più parziale e vendicativo di quello era el signor Zuan Iacomo, ma non lo demonstra..Ha grandissimo credito con la città di Milano e con i Francesi, massime con mons. di Lautrec e col re, tenendolo bon homo di guerra.” ALBERI
-“Valente condottier d’armi.” MANINI
-“Famoso capitano dell’età sua.” BOSI
-“Per virtù e riputatione de fatti di guerra molto illustre.” CAVRIOLO
-“Allobrogorum ductor insignis.” ARLUNO
-“Famoso capitano dell’età sua.” LITTA
-“Thodaro che ne l’armi tanto vale/ e del Triulcio sangue al mondo honore,/ magnianimo, gientil, fido, e leale/ e ne le guerre poi con l’arme in mano/ un Hanibal, un bon scipio africano/ (Alla battaglia di Agnadello)/ Il valoroso signior theodoro/ traulcio sopra un caval sasinato/ dava a nemici diverso martoro/ gettando molti sopra il verde prato./…/ (Alla battaglia di Melegnano) El signior theodoro valoroso/ traulcio ch’era per socorso andato/ del re (Francesco I) come homo de molto disioro/ di poterlo servir in ogni lato/ ed era tutto quanto sanguinoso/ del sangue di color che su quel prato/ con le sue man havea fatti morire/ come inclitto signior colmo d’ardire./…/ Saggio, e prudente signior Thodaro/ gloria del mondo, e di tal arte honore/ disceso qui fra noi dal sommo choro.” DEGLI AGOSTINI
-“Nacque da Pietro e da Laura Borri a Milano. L’anno di nascita oscilla nelle fonti, ma è spesso indicato come il 1458. Apparteneva a una famiglia ammessa e riconosciuta nella nobiltà milanese fin dall’ultimo quarto del XIV secolo. Il padre, signore di Codogno, era stato consigliere del duca Francesco Sforza che lo aveva nominato nel 1467 suo luogotenente ad Alessandria e nell’oltre Po…Nella primavera del 1529 fu nominato oratore del re di Francia a Venezia. Infine, in agosto Francesco I lo creò suo luogotenente generale nel Nord Italia, per cercare di raccogliere le truppe francesi ancora in essere. Non durò molto nell’incarico: dopo la pace delle Due Dame (firmata il 3 agosto), rientrò in Francia. Doveva ancora avere dal Tesoro regio forti somme, pari almeno a 40000 dcudi francesi. Morì a Lione nell’ottobre del 1532. Fu sepolto nella chiesa di Notre-Dame-de-Bonfort. La sua eredità venen contesa dalla famiglia Palalvicini con un lungo contenzioso. Sua figlia sposò Gianfrancesco Trivulzio, nipote di Gian Giacomo.” BRUNELLI (Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani)
-“Se trouvant par ailleurs guelfes, leurs “capi”, Gian Giacomo et Teodoro Trivulzio, vont utiliser la bannière factionnaire pour agréger autant d’eux de large clientèles contre la promesse de redistribution des richesses puissèes au service de roi de France. Ce faisant, les guelfes deviennent les Lombards le plus francophiles car les Trivulzio sont guelfes. Par antonomasie, les guelfes deviennent synonymes de Trivulzio et de leur impressionante clientèle trivulziesque… (Teodoro) Maréchal de France, chef de la “casa trivulzia” depuis la mort de Gian Giacomo, homme capable de réunir sous ses ailes le deux factions (guelfi e ghibellini) et surtout un des rares Lombards estimés de Lautrec.” DUC
Featured image: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Trivulzio#/media/File:Theodore_Trivulzio.jpg





