Teodoro da Trivulzio and the Art of Patience in Wartime

Italian CondottieriTeodoro da Trivulzio and the Art of Patience in Wartime

Cousin of the more famous Gian Giacomo, he is, according to scholars, far less skilled as a military commander than his relative. His virtues are prudence, loyalty, and a firm belief—consistently upheld throughout his forty-year career—in the effectiveness of a war of attrition, to be preferred over pitched battle, whose outcome is always uncertain. Appointed Marshal of France after the death of his cousin, he proves far more shrewd than Gian Giacomo (often vengeful in his actions), managing to unite both the Guelfs and the Ghibellines of Lombardy under the French banner.

Indice delle Signorie dei Condottieri: ABCDEFGIJLMNOPQRSTUVZ

A Lombard commander who unified factions through calculated persistence

Teodoro da Trivulzio (Girolamo Teodoro da Trivulzio) of Milan. A Guelf. Count of Lauria, Marquis of Pizzighettone. Lord of Borgomanero, Maccastorna, Melzo, Melegnano, Formigara, and Zevio. Cousin of Renato da Trivulzio and og Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, father-in-law of Gianfrancesco da Trivulzio, and uncle of both Renato da Trivulzio and Paolo Camillo da Trivulzio. Knight of the Order of Saint Michael. Marshal of France.

1458 ca.-1532 (october)

Year, MonthState, Comp. venturaOpponentCommandArea of ActivityActions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts
……………..NaplesHe served for eighteen years under the Aragonese, joined the royal council, was appointed Count of Lauria in Basilicata, and granted Villamarina in the Abruzzi. Many Neapolitans served in his companies.
1482
Aug.NaplesChurchLatiumHe was wounded at the Battle of Campomorto.
1483
Sept.–Oct. 1483NaplesVeniceLombardyAt Mantua with Francesco Secco for the blessing of the allied banners in the Church of San Francesco; he bore the standard of Saint Michael. In October, he took part in the siege of Asola.
1487
Apr.CampaniaPresent at the royal castle in Naples at an event organized by Ferdinand of Aragon (Ferrante d’Aragona) honoring his cousin Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, newly appointed general governor of the Aragonese men-at-arms.
1494NaplesFrance
1495
Feb.CampaniaDid not accompany his kinsman Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio when he defected to the French; remained loyal to the Aragonese.
JuneNaplesFranceCalabriaUnder Gonzalo de Córdoba (Consalvo di Cordoba), he was defeated by Aubigny at Seminara.
……………..CampaniaThe Aragonese were defeated; Teodoro da Trivulzio escorted King Ferdinand of Aragon to Ischia.
1496
Feb.CampaniaRecorded at Grottaminarda.
MayApuliaAt Lucera with Annibale da Varano and Andrea da Capua.
1499
Oct.FranceMilanLombardyAccompanied King Louis XII in his formal entry into Milan.
1500
Feb.FranceSforzaLombardyFought Ludovico Sforza in his attempt to retake Milan; with Galeazzo da Birago, sought to keep Milan loyal to the French.
Mar.PiedmontTook part in the defense of Novara; captured when the city opened its gates to Sforza’s forces.
Apr.Piedmont; LombardyFreed after Ludovico Sforza’s flight; entered Milan with Antonio Maria Pallavicini, assuring the populace against a general sack.
1501
Sept.–Oct.Lombardy; TrentinoIn Milan; in October accompanied the Cardinal of Rouen to Trento for peace talks between France and Emperor Maximilian I of Austria.
1502LombardyIn December reinforced a gate at Pizzighettone with a ravelin to block communications with Venetian territory; unsuccessfully claimed jurisdiction over his estates in Formigara under the Serenissima.
1503
Mar.FranceSwiss CantonsLombardyAssigned to monitor Swiss movements along the duchy’s borders; raised infantry in the Milanese region.
Dec.FranceSpainLatiumEngaged Spaniards in the Kingdom of Naples; took part in the Battle of Garigliano; retreated to Gaeta with Antonello and Bernardino da San Severino and Giovanni di Sainte-Colombe.
1504
Jan.LatiumNegotiated surrender terms with Gonzalo de Córdoba for Marquis Ludovico di Saluzzo.
1507
……………..25 lancesLombardyStationed at Melegnano.
Apr.–MayFranceGenoaLiguria; LombardyFought the Genoese; in May accompanied King Louis XII into Milan, holding the stirrup on the left.
JuneLombardyParticipated in the castle tournament in Milan: with the Chaumont and Francesco Gonzaga (100 men-at-arms armed with clubs), assaulted a wooden tower defended by equal numbers; several were killed or wounded, and Louis XII halted the combat.
1508
Nov.LombardyProvided a 4000-ducat guarantee for Giovanni Scotti, detained for debts in Sforza Castle.
1509
Mar.FranceVenice30 lancesLombardy
Apr.LombardyTook part in the Battle of Agnadello.
JuneVenetoParticipated in the capture of the fortress of Legnago.
Aug.VenetoPresent at the siege of Padua; fell into discord with Ludovico della Mirandola.
1510
Mar.50 lancesVenetoDefended Verona.
MayLombardyCommanded his company in the Cremonese area.
JulyFranceVenice; Church50 lancesVenetoAt the field of Santa Croce Bigolina on the Brenta.
Aug.Veneto; EmiliaAt Vicenza; end of month left Olmo camp and moved to Emilia to assist Alfonso d’Este with 150 lances; reached Parma.
Oct.Contacted by Florentines to switch to their pay.
Nov.EmiliaEnd of month crossed the Po; the French granted him a pension of 3000 Tornesi lire.
1511
SpringEmiliaLed the vanguard in the conquest of Bologna under Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio.
MayEmiliaDefeated Francesco Maria della Rovere at Casalecchio di Reno; took Raffaello dei Pazzi prisoner on the bridge.
June–JulyLombardyReturned to Lombardy; stationed two months with 100 lances near Rovato; visited Formigara and Bergamo.
Nov.–Dec.FranceSwiss CantonsLombardyUnder Gastone de Foix and Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, led 500 lances and ~2000 infantry with artillery; tasked to block 16,000 Swiss advancing toward the Papal State; defeated at Boffalora sopra Ticino—horse killed, Lautrec and La Palisse wounded—then fortified Milan and organized defenses; Swiss returned home after sacking Lombard towns.
1512
Jan.EmiliaAt Langhirano.
Apr.RomagnaTook part in the Battle of Ravenna where Gastone de Foix was killed.
MayLombardy; FranceAfter the French defeat, retreated to France.
JuneFranceOrdered to raise 4000 infantry; withdrew under pressure from Swiss and Venetians; returned to France; Sforza seized Borgomanero.
Oct.FranceEnglandFranceFought the English in Burgundy.
1513
Mar.–Apr.50 lancesFranceDeclared rebel by Duke Massimiliano Sforza of Milan; in April met at Cahors with Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio and Bartolomeo d’Alviano; sent to Venice; retained 50-lance conduct.
MayVeniceSpain; Empire; MilanFrance; Emilia; Veneto; LombardyDeparted France with d’Alviano; visited Ferrara, Chioggia, Venice; lodged in the former Estense palace; received at Santo Spirito; audience with Doge and Pregadi; witnessed banner ceremony in San Marco; reached Padua, Vicenza, San Bonifacio; attacked Verona—Porta Vescovo walled, bridge at Zevio planned; moved to Caravaggio; joined conquest of Cremona; imprisoned Alessandro and Galeazzo Sforza in Pizzighettone.
JuneLombardy; VenetoFollowed Domenico Contarini‘s forces to Milan; after uprising returned to San Bassano camp; French defeated at Novara; supported d’Alviano at Roncà, San Giovanni Lupatoto, Peschiera del Garda.
Aug.VenetoDefended Padua against Spanish assault.
Oct.VenetoLed a column at the center; flanked d’Alviano at Limena; guarded Vicenza; did not engage at Creazzo; after defeat, closed city gates—repelled fleeing Venetians; fell ill; attended funerals in the Basilica of Saint Anthony for Antonio and Costanzo Pio.
1514
Feb.–JuneVenetoGoverned Padua whenever d’Alviano departed for Venice or offensive campaigns.
JulyVenetoAwarded 500 ducats by the Council of Savi; present at d’Alviano’s son’s baptism.
Oct.–Dec. 1514VenetoGuarded Padua with 1000 infantry during the siege of Rovigo; in December, executed two soldiers for theft.
1515
Jan.VenetoFollowing King Louis XII’s death requested leave to France for homage to Francis I; persuaded by d’Alviano to remain.
May–JulyVenetoHosted Renzo da Ceri; resumed governance of Padua; met French ambassador Scaramuccia da Trivulzio; discussed alliance and mills purchase; at field of Este.
Aug.–Sept.FranceEmpire; Milan50 lancesVeneto; LombardySupported d’Alviano at Badia Polesine, Ostiglia, Casola, Marcaria; joined Battle of Melegnano; entered Milan; confirmed as Marquis of Pizzighettone; lent 7000 ducats to Venice; sent with René of Savoy for Venetian aid.
Oct.Lombardy; VenetoReached d’Alviano at Ghedi; conveyed his body to Venice; captured Peschiera, Asola, Lonato; began bombardment of Brescia; with Navarro organized artillery and mining operations.
Nov.LombardySent Manfrone and Mercurio Bua against Prospero Colonna; consulted King Francis I in Milan.
Dec.LombardyNegotiated with Venetian ambassadors; present at ambassador Piero Pasqualigo’s funeral; debated as governor-general.
1516
Jan.–Feb.VeniceEmpire; MilanGovernor-general; 200 lances, 100 light cavalryLombardyAppointed Venetian governor-general; war council in Milan; resumed Brescia siege with 2500 cavalry, 7000 infantry; fortifications at Salò, Anfo, Val di Sabbia, Gavardo, Peschiera inspected.
Mar.LombardyWar council in Cremona; defended Po line; sent 500 lances, 2000 infantry to Asola; repelled imperial attack on Milan.
Apr.LombardyRecovered Lodi; returned to Milan; assisted in defense.
MayLombardyJoined Bourbon at Spirano; resumed siege of Brescia; occupied Nave; siege operations with mines and trenches; negotiated truce terms.
JuneVeneto; LombardyDirected bridge building on the Mincio; sent troops to Valpolicella; camped at Lonato, Solferino, Volta Mantovana; atrocities reported; Brescia handed to Venice; occupied Monzambano.
JulyVenetoEncamped at Cavalcaselle, Castelnuovo del Garda; Swiss captains defected to French.
Aug.VenetoDeployed saboteur plot in Verona; siege intensified; multi-national force employed heavy artillery.
Sept.VenetoCamp rift among troops; repelled Colonna sortie; withdrew to San Michele Extra; artillery breaches laid; German reinforcements arrived.
Oct.–Nov.200 lances, 300 light cavalryVenetoStationed Povegliano Veronese; supply interdiction; faced mutiny risk; influence limited.
Dec.VenetoOversaw troop payments post-peace; French dismissed ten lances.
1517
Jan.VenetoMet at Dossobuono with Bishop Bernard of Cles; Verona delivered to France; troops wintered across Lombardy and Veneto.
Mar.VenetoInspected Venetian defenses; visited Venice and Arsenal; received gubernatorial symbols.
Apr.–June200 lances, 100 light cavalryVeneto; LombardyVisited Venice, Milan, Verona with family; lodging provided; annual conduct cost assessed.
JulyVenetoDefended constable George of Vailate; resolved conflict with Verona authorities.
Aug.–Sept.VenetoSupervised Portello castle works; inspected Montagnana and Legnago fortifications.
Nov.–Dec.VenetoReviewed companies at Campo di Marte; extended conduct; deployed forces to Concordia.
1518
MayVenetoHosted Duke Alfonso d’Este in Verona.
Sept.VenetoSummoned to Venice; financial support extended; received in College.
Nov.–Dec.Veneto; LombardyMet Duke of Ferrara; returned to Milan; awaited French royal decision; financed troops.
1519
Jan.LombardyAttended Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio’s funeral; led Guelph faction against Visconti.
Feb.VenetoTerm expired; audience with Doge and Ten; lodged in Verona.
Sept.LombardyConsulted Lautrec in Milan.
Nov.VenetoHosted imperial commissioners.
1520
Mar.1000 light cavalryVenetoHeld French and Venetian commands; pensioned by France; commanded Asti lances.
Apr.VenetoSent light cavalry to Sacile against Turkish raids.
May–JuneVenetoCouncil of Ten attendance; acquired land near Zevio for mounts.
Oct.LombardyInvited to Milan by Lautrec and Gritti.
1521
Mar.LombardyFalcon hunting with Lautrec; strategic briefing to Venice.
Apr.–MayLombardy; VenetoMilitary planning with Lautrec; defense reports on key fortresses; submitted improvements for Padua.
JuneVenetoInvestigated Sforza conspiracy in Brescia.
JulyVeniceEmpireLombardyDiplomacy and troop recruitment; war council in Milan.
Aug.Lombardy; EmiliaCamp moves from Chiari to Verolanuova; strategic deployments; coordinated with French.
Sept.–Oct.Emilia; LombardyAdvanced to San Secondo; rearguard actions; encamped at Pontevico.
Nov.Lombardy; VenetoDefended Milan at Porta Ticinese; captured and ransomed.
1522
Jan.Veneto; LombardyVenice arrival; ransom partial payment; rebel status declared.
Feb.–Mar.LombardyBanned by Sforza; siege of Milan and Pavia; illness and retreat to Bergamo.
Apr.LombardySupported Lautrec at Bicocca; arquebusier deployment; Swiss vanguard destroyed.
MayLombardyRetreat to Lodi and Pontevico; nephew sent for negotiations with Milan.
June–Sept.Lombardy; Veneto; EmiliaWar end activities; Venetian discharge; assist Alfonso d’Este in Ferrara.
Oct.FerraraChurch140 lancesEmiliaStationed with French confirmation of 50-lance conduct.
Nov.–Dec.FranceEmpire; VeniceEmilia; LombardyOccupation of Reggio Emilia; civic requisitions; fortress demolitions.
1524
Jan.LombardyMoved through Lodi, Maccastorna, Pizzighettone; returned to Lodi.
Feb.LombardyReleased Venetian messenger; escorted to Crema; maneuvered toward Abbiategrasso.
Apr.PiedmontDefended Novara; defeated at Romagnano Sesia; health issues but maintained Venetian rapport.
Aug.FranceDefended Provence with 100 lances.
Oct. 1524Piedmont; LombardyEntered Asti; joint French-Imperial movement in Milan.
Nov. 1524LombardyCoordinated fortification of Milan; levied taxes for Grisons and Swiss pay.
1525
Jan. 1525LombardyGuarded Milan; troop recall to Pavia.
Feb. 1525Lombardy; SwitzerlandCavalry raids; Pavia defeat retreat via Lake Maggiore; joined Alençon rearguard.
Mar.–May100 lancesSwitzerland; FranceOrganized Locarno defenses; made Marshal of France; appointed governor of Lyon; envoy to Venice.
Sept.FranceLyon governorship; promulgated Anglo-French treaty.
Oct.FranceCompany reduction under royal-imperial agreement.
1526
MayFranceAttended parliamentary sessions in Lyon and Paris.
June60 lancesFranceParticipated in Anti-Imperial League at Cognac and Angoulême.
JulyFranceJoined royal council; continued as Lyon governor.
1527
JuneFranceSettled 10,000-ducat Venetian debt over five years.
Aug.FranceEmpirePiedmont; LiguriaAt the side of Lautrec at Bosco Marengo; with the conquest of Genoa, he was appointed governor of the city; first act secured from Francis I was the submission and return of Savona to the Genoese.
1528
Apr.–Aug.LiguriaGathered 2000 infantry to defend Genoa against threats from the Adorno; in May protested to Venice over the transfer of Cesare Fregoso from Liguria to Friuli; in August, despite a 10000-ducat debt, lent Venetians 15000 ducats for war needs.
Sept.–Oct. 1528LiguriaWhen Genoa was nearly undefended due to plague, corsair Andrea Doria attacked Trivulzio by sea with Filippino and Lazzaro Doria (several galleys and 500 infantry); on land French forces were attacked by Sinibaldo Fieschi; Trivulzio and 3000 soldiers retreated to the Castelletto; requested aid which did not arrive and surrendered at the end of October due to lack of provisions; the fortress was demolished by the inhabitants.
Nov.FranceAt Alexandria; returned to the government of Lyon.
1529
Feb.PiedmontAt Alexandria.
Apr.–Aug.Emilia; VenetoSent as ambassador by Francis I to Venice; met by Battista da Martinengo at Piacenza; in the College lobbied for the return of Ravenna and Cervia to the Papal States; in June lent 6000 ducats for troops in Milan; in July took leave; in August appointed lieutenant in Lombardy by Francis I, causing opposition from Gabriele d’Allègre and Annebault; joined his wife in Verona; returned to France that autumn.
1530
Oct.FranceAt Blois; received 800 scudi from Francis I; his credit with the crown exceeded 40000 scudi.
1531
……………..Lombardy
July–Aug.100 lancesFranceContinued as governor of Lyon; in August operated in the Dauphiné.
1532
Oct.FranceDied in Lyon; buried in the Dominican Church of Santa Maria del Conforto; built the chapel of San Teodoro in Santo Stefano, Milan; Venetians placed his coat of arms on Porta Vescovo in Verona; married Bona Bevilacqua.

Sources

-“Cugino del celebre Gian Jacopo, ma molto meno provetto di costui come comandante militare.” MALLETT

-“Uomo buono, prudente e valoroso.” VARCHI

-“Fu notato in lui solo ..prudenza, valore e virtù.” LAZARI

-“Belo e grande homo et homo di guerra.. Un degno omo e saputo.” SANUDO

-“E’ homo degno, fedel, sa ben il mestier di le arme, tien ben la sua compagnia, non vol si fazi danni; ma è tardo e pigro. Ha questa natura, non si pol far altro, et è bon come l’è per questa Repubblica, a la qual porta grande amor et fede.” Giudizio di Andrea Gritti, riportato dal SANUDO

-“Huomo né ardente, né desideroso di combattere; ma una persona, che per la lunga militia, percioch’egli era intervenuto in più battaglie d’Italia, che alcuno altro capitano del suo tempo, era stimato ottimo di consiglio.” GIOVIO

-“Quale è molto existimato ed a lui ogniuno deferisse. Tutta la fazion sua lo ha per capo e signor, e vien etiam existimato ed amato da li gebellini, che non sono capellazi, ma che attendono a viver, perché l’è tenuto per signor da bene, che non ha mai fatti despiaceri ad alcuno..sa ben dissimular la colera ed è assai più parziale e vendicativo di quello era el signor Zuan Iacomo, ma non lo demonstra..Ha grandissimo credito con la città di Milano e con i Francesi, massime con mons. di Lautrec e col re, tenendolo bon homo di guerra.” ALBERI

-“Valente condottier d’armi.” MANINI

-“Famoso capitano dell’età sua.” BOSI

-“Per virtù e riputatione de fatti di guerra molto illustre.” CAVRIOLO

-“Allobrogorum ductor insignis.” ARLUNO

-“Famoso capitano dell’età sua.” LITTA

-“Thodaro che ne l’armi tanto vale/ e del Triulcio sangue al mondo honore,/ magnianimo, gientil, fido, e leale/ e ne le guerre poi con l’arme in mano/ un Hanibal, un bon scipio africano/ (Alla battaglia di Agnadello)/ Il valoroso signior theodoro/ traulcio sopra un caval sasinato/ dava a nemici diverso martoro/ gettando molti sopra il verde prato./…/ (Alla battaglia di Melegnano) El signior theodoro valoroso/ traulcio ch’era per socorso andato/ del re (Francesco I) come homo de molto disioro/ di poterlo servir in ogni lato/ ed era tutto quanto sanguinoso/ del sangue di color che su quel prato/ con le sue man havea fatti morire/ come inclitto signior colmo d’ardire./…/ Saggio, e prudente signior Thodaro/ gloria del mondo, e di tal arte honore/ disceso qui fra noi dal sommo choro.” DEGLI AGOSTINI

-“Nacque da Pietro e da Laura Borri a Milano. L’anno di nascita oscilla nelle fonti, ma è spesso indicato come il 1458. Apparteneva a una famiglia ammessa e riconosciuta nella nobiltà milanese fin dall’ultimo quarto del XIV secolo. Il padre, signore di Codogno, era stato consigliere del duca Francesco Sforza che lo aveva nominato nel 1467 suo luogotenente ad Alessandria e nell’oltre Po…Nella primavera del 1529 fu nominato oratore del re di Francia a Venezia. Infine, in agosto Francesco I lo creò suo luogotenente generale nel Nord Italia, per cercare di raccogliere le truppe francesi ancora in essere. Non durò molto nell’incarico: dopo la pace delle Due Dame (firmata il 3 agosto), rientrò in Francia. Doveva ancora avere dal Tesoro regio forti somme, pari almeno a 40000 dcudi francesi. Morì a Lione nell’ottobre del 1532. Fu sepolto nella chiesa di Notre-Dame-de-Bonfort. La sua eredità venen contesa dalla famiglia Palalvicini con un lungo contenzioso. Sua figlia sposò Gianfrancesco Trivulzio, nipote di Gian Giacomo.” BRUNELLI (Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani)

-“Se trouvant par ailleurs guelfes, leurs “capi”, Gian Giacomo et Teodoro Trivulzio, vont utiliser la bannière factionnaire pour agréger autant d’eux de large clientèles contre la promesse de redistribution des richesses puissèes au service de roi de France. Ce faisant, les guelfes deviennent les Lombards le plus francophiles car les Trivulzio sont guelfes. Par antonomasie, les guelfes deviennent synonymes de Trivulzio et de leur impressionante clientèle trivulziesque… (Teodoro) Maréchal de France, chef de la “casa trivulzia” depuis la mort de Gian Giacomo, homme capable de réunir sous ses ailes le deux factions (guelfi e ghibellini) et surtout un des rares Lombards estimés de Lautrec.” DUC

Featured image: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Trivulzio#/media/File:Theodore_Trivulzio.jpg

Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani è l'autore del sito Condottieri di ventura.