Military Career of Gian Francesco Gonzaga Marquis of Mantua

Italian CondottieriMilitary Career of Gian Francesco Gonzaga Marquis of Mantua

Marquis of Mantua. One of the most interesting figures of his family. Historiography sees him as an unfulfilled precursor of the perfect Renaissance prince. He was compelled to spend his life in military endeavors to cope with his chronic lack of money, a consequence of his generosity and his irremediable propensity for luxury and spending. On the battlefield, he earned a reputation as a valiant and expert condottiero.

Indice delle Signorie dei Condottieri: ABCDEFGIJLMNOPQRSTUVZ

Gian Francesco Gonzaga A Life Shaped by Generosity and Luxury

Gian Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.

Lord of Asola, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Lonato, Legnago, Nogarole Rocca, Valeggio sul Mincio, Remedello, Sabbioneta, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Dosolo, Isola Dovarese, Solferino, Castel Goffredo, Canneto sull’Oglio, San Martino dall’Argine, Bozzolo, Rivarolo Mantovano, Ostiano, Vescovato, Viadana, Gazzuolo, Luzzara, Suzzara, Gonzaga, Reggiolo, Piadena, Casalmaggiore, Pomponesco, Carpenedolo, Castellaro Lagusello, Volta Mantovana, Cavriana, Ceresara, Rodigo, Casalmoro, Casalpoglio, Casaloldo, Barchi, Castelnuovo, Volongo, Redondesco, Belforte, Ostiglia, Revere, Ponti sul Mincio, Sabbioneta. Son of Francesco Gonzaga; father of Ludovico Gonzaga and Carlo Gonzaga; son-in-law of Malatesta Malatesta.

Born: 1396
Death: 1444, September

Year, MonthState. Mercenary CompanyOpponentConductArea of ActivityActions Taken and Other Notable Events
1407     
Mar.   LombardyUpon his father’s death, he is recognized as Marquis of Mantua thanks to his guardian Carlo Malatesta and the Venetians, who send 150 lances commanded by Girolamo Contarini and Francesco Foscari. He is named Captain of the People of the city; he maintains this position until the emperor officially recognizes his marquisate title. Malatesta seizes Sabbioneta in his name at the expense of Michele Persico.
1408     
Mar.   LombardyFew men remain to defend Sabbioneta, making it easy for Antonio and Cristoforo Persico to quickly regain control. Gian Francesco Gonzaga does not cease his efforts, both diplomatically and otherwise, to regain control of it.
1409     
Jul. Aug.   RomagnaIn Ferrara and Romagna, with the aim of marrying Paola Malatesta, daughter of the lord of Pesaro, Malatesta Malatesta. She, of quite unattractive appearance, will bring the Gonzagas a genetic defect that will be transmitted to future generations: a hump.
1410     
Jan.    In Mantua, he organizes a grand tournament in which his team, wearing red livery and commanded by Carlo Malatesta, defeats the team commanded by Pandolfo Malatesta (white livery). 42 knights participate in the joust.
1412     
Apr. May   LombardyHe signs a pact of accommodation with the Cavalcabò concerning the communities of Viadana, Belforte (a fraction of Gazzuolo), Gazzuolo, and Rivarolo Mantovano. By virtue of this pact, the lord of Mantua obtains control of San Martino dall’Argine, on the left bank of the Oglio, and other nearby fortifications. He is supported by some Cremonese nobles from the Ponzoni, Picenardi, and Amati families. The agreement is a decisive step for Gian Francesco Gonzaga towards the subsequent conquest of Viadana at the expense of the same Cavalcabò.
1413     
………AntipopeChurch EmiliaHe fights for the antipope against the militias of Pope Gregory XII: he goes to Bologna for the solemn entrance of John XXIII into the city.
Nov.   RomagnaHe takes part in a joust organized in Cesena by the lord of the city, Andrea Malatesta.
Dec.    At Christmas, he is appointed imperial vicar of Mantua by Emperor Sigismund of Hungary.
1414     
Jan.   LombardyHe welcomes the antipope and the emperor in Mantua.
Mar.   LombardyHe gets rid of the Albertini brothers, counts of Prato, who have command of the troops, the podestà of Mantua, and control the state’s foreign policy. They are put on trial for high treason: Gonzaga has them imprisoned and seizes their assets, including diamonds worth 120,000 ducats. They confess their alleged crimes under torture. No public executions are carried out, but they disappear discreetly.
SummerBresciaCremona LombardyHe sides with Pandolfo Malatesta against Gabrino Fondulo. He obtains the fortress of Asola from Malatesta; he occupies Pizzighettone, besieges Castelleone and Cremona itself. He receives money from his opponents and withdraws.
1415     
Apr.   VenetoIn Venice, to pay homage to the new doge Tommaso Mocenigo.
Jul.MantuaViadana LombardyHe allies with Gabrino Fondulo against the Cavalcabò: with Fra Ruffino da Mantova, he breaks into the Cremonese territory, occupies Viadana after waiting for the inhabitants to leave for a procession. Subsequently, he seizes Isola Dovarese and Ostiano; Rivarolo Mantovano suffers the same fate. This provokes the ire of the Duke of Milan.
1416     
Jul.PerugiaMontone UmbriaAt the head of 2000 infantry and 800 cavalry, he supports Carlo Malatesta against Braccio da Montone. He takes part in the Battle of Sant’Egidio (Umbertide).
………   Marche RomagnaHe is stationed at the siege of Rocca Contrada (Arcevia); arriving to fight the Bracceschi in the vicinity, he is wounded in the left thigh in a skirmish in which his captain Paolo da Riva, commanding 400 infantry gathered in Ostiglia, loses his life. Defeated, he retreats, pursued by his opponents. He moves to Rimini, where he stays for some time to negotiate a truce between the Malatesta and Montone.
1417     
Apr.   VenetoHe meets with Francesco Bembo in Peschiera del Garda; he declares his friendship for the Serenissima.
1418     
Feb.MantuaTorelli EmiliaHe obtains Guastalla by treaty. He almost immediately returns the city to Guido Torelli.
Mar.   VenetoHe goes to Bevilacqua with Carlo Malatesta and Carlo da Pietramala, as a guest of Galeotto Bevilacqua.
Jul.   LombardyHe adheres to the pact, supported by the Venetians, which sees the lords of Brescia (Pandolfo Malatesta), Cremona (Gabrino Fondulo), and Ferrara (Niccolò d’Este) allied against the Visconti.
Oct.   LombardyHe hosts Pope Martin V in Mantua, elected at the Council of Constance. The pope’s presence in the city lasts until the following February.
1420     
Nov.   RomagnaAt Rocca delle Caminate, for a grand hunting party organized by Pandolfo Malatesta.
1421     
Mar.    He is declared recommended by the Venetians.
………Milan    
1425    He allies with the Venetians and Florentines against the Visconti.
1426     
Feb.VeniceMilan400 lancesLombardyHe threatens Bergamo with the Suardi and other exiles of the city.
Mar.   LombardyHe enters the Brescia area with 3000 cavalry to subjugate all the castles of the territory.
Apr.   LombardyHe commands operations when Carmagnola is absent for treatment at the baths. He intensifies the siege of Brescia, conquers Salò and all the castles of the Riviera del Garda. His logistical base becomes Quinzano d’Oglio. At the end of the month, he reconquers Sabbioneta. Skirmishes with Cristoforo Persico’s militias occur in the countryside between Villa Pasquali, Brede, Bellaguarda, in the territory of Casalmaggiore. The decisive clash takes place near Castelfusano, first on the banks of the Serio and then in the surrounding fields, where the movements of the combatants are hindered by swamps, numerous water-filled ditches, and small marshes. Cristoforo Persico is captured with a son; two of his other sons (Guido and Rolando) are killed.
May   LombardyHe fortifies Peschiera del Garda and Viadana. Also, in the month, he helps repel an assault conducted with 4000 cavalry, 3500 infantry, and numerous Genoese crossbowmen aiming to supply the citadel of Brescia with provisions. Guido Torelli is forced to retreat to Montichiari without overcoming the blockade set by the Venetians. Gonzaga begins besieging the citadel.
Jun.   LombardyHe accepts the surrender of Asola and returns to besiege Brescia: he mediates the dispute between Carmagnola and Niccolò da Tolentino.
Oct.   LombardyHe still commands the army when Carmagnola is forced to leave the field for treatment at Abano Terme: he induces Antonio da Landriano, who is defending the citadel, to request a truce with a pact of surrender if no reinforcements arrive within a few days.
Nov.   LombardyHe enters the citadel of Brescia. The Venetians renew his contract and promise him a house to live in the city.
1427     
Mar.   EmiliaHe signs a fifteen-day truce with Torelli in Guastalla.
Apr.   LombardyHe camps at Castenedolo with Carmagnola.
May   LombardyHe is tasked with reaching Gottolengo with the rest of the Venetian troops. He stops upon learning of Carmagnola’s defeat by the ducal forces led by Torelli, Angelo della Pergola, Niccolò Piccinino, and Francesco Sforza. The information is provided by an armed man who fled the field; resuming his march, he rejoins the Serenissima’s troops and with his intervention, somewhat balances the outcome of the combat.
Jun.   LombardyHe occupies Sabbioneta. He is praised by the Doge Francesco Foscari for his valor; he is granted the newly conquered locality in lordship.
Jul.   LombardyHe clashes with the ducal forces at Castelsecco/Pizzighettone: the battle lasts eight hours; in the great dust raised by the movements of the horses, he manages to save Carmagnola, thrown from his horse amidst the enemies.
Aug.   LombardyHe defeats Carlo Malatesta, lord of Pesaro, under Gottolengo; he conquers the locality.
Oct.   LombardyHe distinguishes himself in the battle of Maclodio: he takes Carlo Malatesta prisoner. He soon releases him.
Nov.   EmiliaHe crosses the Po at Teriolo with 400 cavalry and 200 infantry and camps at San Martino di Bocci in the monastery: from here, he raids the Parma region towards Colorno and Paradigna.
1428   Emilia and LombardyHe is accused by the Senate of slowness; he is suspected of treason by his own captains.
Jun. Aug.   LombardyHe halts in the Brescia area; he is confronted by Niccolò Piccinino who commands 12,000 cavalry and many infantry. He loses Brignano Gera d’Adda, retreats to Bergamo; moves to Bolgare and Talsedo, and fortifies Palazzolo sull’Oglio. Feeling insecure, he withdraws towards Brescia, crosses the Oglio at Ponte della Bina, takes the road to Pontoglio, and transfers the entire army (8,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry) to the Cremonese area, leaving Brescia entirely defenseless against the advancing enemy.
Sep.   LombardyHe is camped with his men near Bolgare and Calcinato. He is joined by Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Taddeo d’Este, Gattamelata, Bartolomeo Colleoni, and Diotisalvi Lupi. Gian Francesco Gonzaga is surprised by the ducal forces who seize the artillery and baggage loaded on more than five hundred carts. When Niccolò Piccinino is put in difficulty by the Serio flood, he recrosses the Oglio, devastates the Trescore Balneario valley, and obtains Predore and Sarnico with bombards. At the end of the month, he is in Caleppio; he sends two companies to defend Martinengo. The Venetians urge him to face the opponents; his weak conduct begins to worry everyone, especially since his men start damaging the territory in search of hay for the cavalry.
Oct.   LombardyHe promises the community of Brescia to stay on the banks of the Oglio as long as the cold allows and, compatibly, with the city’s forage supply. Despite this, he reduces the army to winter quarters. Dissatisfied with the Venetians, at the expiration of his contract, he goes to Quinzano d’Oglio; he refuses to enter the town until he is given the castle keys. He stays for four days; shortly afterward, he returns to his possessions. In Asola, he is intercepted by the provveditore Piero Loredan as he is mounting his horse. Gian Francesco Gonzaga dismisses the Venetian without listening to him; in reality, he has already decided to leave the service of the Serenissima in favor of the Duke of Milan.
Dec.   LombardyHe renounces his contract with the Venetians; he reconciles with the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti.
1438     
MayMilanVeniceGeneral CaptainLombardyHe officially enters the service of the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti: with victory, he is promised territorial expansion to the east.
Jun.    At the end of the month, he signs an alliance treaty with the Duke of Milan through Maffeo da Muzzano.
Jul.   EmiliaAt the command of 2,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry, he helps Niccolò Piccinino cross the Oglio at night on three pontoon bridges built between Marcaria and Canneto sull’Oglio: Gattamelata quickly moves troops from Acquanegra sul Chiese towards Brescia. In Ferrara, in the presence of Niccolò d’Este, a treaty is concluded for the partition of the territories of the Serenissima: Verona and Vicenza are promised to him; if the two cities are not conquered, Cremona with its territory is promised in fief. Gian Francesco Gonzaga leaves Ostiglia, crosses the Tartaro Canal, and breaks into the Veronese territory, devastating the countryside. He occupies Villafranca di Verona and Nogarole Rocca without any declaration of war; captures Giovanni Malavolti in Valeggio sul Mincio, who is defending the locality with 300 cavalry. He turns towards the Brescia area and also takes control of Manerba del Garda, San Felice del Benaco, and Salò.
Aug.   LombardyHe is defeated by Gattamelata at Rovato; he returns to the Veronese area with Luigi dal Verme.
Sep.   VenetoWith Luigi dal Verme, he blocks Gattamelata’s first attempt to leave Brescia to join the rest of the Venetian army in the Veronese area at Peschiera del Garda, on the Mincio; he forces him to seek a new route north of Lake Garda in a retreat action that will gain much renown in those times.
Oct.   LombardyA counteroffensive is launched in the Mantuan area by Gattamelata and the Venetian fleet commanded by Piero Loredan: when it reaches Sermide, Gonzaga blocks its advance and forces it to retreat in great haste by breaking the Po levees.
Nov.   LombardyHe assists Niccolò Piccinino in the siege of Brescia; he sets up batteries in front of the Ravarotto; he assists the ducal forces in the assault on the eastern tower after the violent bombardment that brought down two hundred paces of walls.
Dec.   LombardyOther attacks on the walls of Brescia are unsuccessful; after their failure, he leads the troops to winter on Lake Garda (in the castles of San Felice del Benaco and Salò) while Niccolò Piccinino camps on the foothills.
1439     
Jan. 1,000 cavalry TrentinoHe moves to Riva del Garda; he sets up garrisons in Arco and Tenno; he hinders Gattamelata’s action to supply Brescia with provisions. He assaults the city again.
Feb.   Lombardy, Trentino, and VenetoHe crosses the Val di Sabbia; he besieges Lodrone with Niccolò Piccinino and Luigi da San Severino; he forces Paride di Lodrone to surrender under terms. He moves to the Veneto; at Villa Bartolomea, he holds a war council with Piccinino and dal Verme. The Venetians cut the Adige levees to slow the Visconti’s march.
Apr. May   VenetoHe crosses the Adige with Piccinino; he seizes Legnago and Porto; in a short time, many localities in the Veronese and Vicentine plains and mountains fall, such as Soave, Monteforte d’Alpone, Villanova, San Bonifacio, Arcole, Roncà, Brognoligo, Castelcerino, Montecchia di Crosara, Colognola ai Colli, Caldiero, Lonigo, Brendola, Montecchio Maggiore, Arzignano, Montorso with the Val d’Agno.
Jun.   VenetoHe returns towards Verona; he camps in front of Porta Vescovo; repelled mid-month, he raises the camp and moves to Colognola ai Colli and Illasi. He connects with Taliano Furlano. With the latter, he opposes the Venetian fleet’s transport from the Monte Baldo chain to Lake Garda. He fortifies Soave against Sforza and Gattamelata who are advancing on Cologna Veneta with 14,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. Attacked at Roncà, he repels a first assault; a successful sortie by Troilo da Rossano and Niccolò da Pisa forces him to abandon Soave at dusk.
Aug.   Veneto and LombardyHe is with Piccinino in Vigasio. He returns to Lombardy and seizes Gavardo after driving away the defenders. He is besieged by Francesco Sforza in Bardolino; the operations end quickly due to the plague, which forces the Venetians to retreat to Zevio.
Sep.   LombardyIn Goglione (Prevalle) with 5,000 cavalry; he burns Sale (Serle) and seizes a large booty. He marches along the coast with Niccolò Piccinino; he moves to Toscolano-Maderno; there, he captures Taddeo d’Este and destroys the Venetian lake fleet.
Nov.   Veneto and TrentinoFrancesco Sforza and Gattamelata manage to overcome the Visconti defensive lines; they take the northern route of Lake Garda to move to Brescia’s aid. Gian Francesco Gonzaga embarks at Peschiera del Garda, disembarks at Riva del Garda, and tries to join Piccinino in the mountains: at Tenno, he is defeated by Sforza. In the clash, 60 Venetians and over 300 Visconti die; his son Carlo and Cesare da Martinengo are also captured. He takes refuge in Peschiera del Garda. Mid-month, he moves from Legnago, from where he conducts numerous raids in the neighboring territory up to Vicenza. A few days later, he is joined by Piccinino and fresh troops from Mantua. With dal Verme, Niccolò Piccinino, and Francesco della Mirandola, he surprises Verona. A deserter, the custodian of the Porta di San Zeno (Giacomino di Castel Bolognese), shows them where to place the ladders; the village is sacked; the Gonzaga troops reach the square and continue to loot the city. Gonzaga occupies the citadel, crosses the Ponte della Paglia even though initially repelled by the inhabitants; he also seizes the Ponte Nuovo, the Ponte della Pietra, the Ponte delle Navi, Porta Vescovo, Porta d’Oriello, and the San Giorgio tower. The Veronese accept Gonzaga as their lord: only Castelvecchio, where his son Carlo is held prisoner, Porta Braida, and the castles of San Felice and San Pietro do not surrender to the ducal forces. The success is brief; Sforza and Gattamelata promptly intervene, driving him out of Verona while his men are still engaged in looting. He leaves the city with Piccinino through Porta di Santa Croce, pursued by Troilo Rossano and Sarpellione; he retreats first to Vigasio and then to Valeggio sul Mincio, losing along the way 300 cavalry, 500 infantry, 1,000 Mantovani, a large number of camp followers, and baggage.
1440     
Jan.   TrentinoHe leaves Torbole to assault the Venetian fleet. He is repelled. With Niccolò Piccinino, he has 4 mules loaded with loaves destined for the enemy army returned to the Venetians.
Feb.   LombardyHe goes to Rivoltella del Garda and the Milanese duchy.
Apr.   Lombardy and VenetoHe reconciles with his son Ludovico at the request of Visconti. He tries to prevent the Venetians from crossing the Mincio; he recovers Valeggio sul Mincio and the bridge over the river. Mid-month, he is invested by Filippo Maria Visconti with Castellaro Lagusello, Peschiera del Garda, Belforte, Ostiglia, Redondesco, Canneto sull’Oglio, Ostiano, Lonato, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Solferino, Castel Goffredo, Asola, Revere, Ponti sul Mincio, Isola Dovarese, Bozzolo, Rivarolo Mantovano, San Martino dall’Argine, Dosolo, and Sabbioneta.
Jun. Dec.   Veneto and LombardyFrancesco Sforza defeats his resistance on the Mincio; Gian Francesco Gonzaga takes refuge in Mantua. In this way, he opens the road to Brescia to his opponents. Asola and Lonato rebel against him; the Venetians also seize Marcaria, Cavriana, and Peschiera del Garda. After repeated defeats, he assaults Villafranca di Verona in early December and levels part of the city walls.
1441     
Nov.   LombardyWith the publication of the peace of Cavriana, he must return Porto, Legnago, Nogarole Rocca to the Venetians; he must accept the loss of Valeggio sul Mincio, Asola, Lonato, and Peschiera del Garda, and recognize the sum of 4,000 ducats to his opponents.
1442     
Jun.ChurchSforza UmbriaWith 2,000 cavalry and more infantry, he reaches the troops of Piccinino in the Todi area to expel Sarpellione, who controls the capital on behalf of Sforza.
1443     
Apr.   TuscanyIn Siena with his wife. He is headed to Bagni di Petriolo.
1444     
Sep.   LombardyHe dies at the end of the month in Mantua. He is remembered for commissioning Pisanello to fresco a hall in the Ducal Palace of Mantua, building the Marmirolo palace, and erecting the bell tower of Sant’Andrea and the churches of San Paolo and Santa Croce in the city. Numerous painters, sculptors, and architects, including Jacopino da Tradate and Filippo Brunelleschi, were guests at his court. In 1423, he invited Vittorino da Feltre to Mantua, who founded the Ca’ Zoiosa, a school famous for combining humanistic ideals with Christian faith. His court was frequented by Leon Battista Alberti, who dedicated the revised Latin version of his treatise “De pictura” to him, and other humanists such as Guarino Guarini and Pier Paolo Vergerio. Medal by Pisanello (Florence, National Museum); portraits by Tintoretto, Andrea Mantegna, and Francesco Bonsignori. He married Paola Agnese Malatesta, daughter of the lord of Pesaro, Malatesta Malatesta.

SOURCES % NOTES

-“Si guadagnò il Gonzaga fama di prode condottiere sul campo di battaglia, e secondò con molta intelligenza le operazioni del Carmagnola nella presa di Brescia, e nella battaglia di Macalò (maclodio)..Era il Gonzaga molto amico delle lettere, e il suo governo fu anche glorioso, sebbene egli non fosse scevro di vizj, nello spendere poco prudente, e troppo amico del lusso che propagò in un paese ove tutto era frugalità. Ebbe altresì la disgrazia di darsi in braccio ad un favorito Carlo degli Albertini, conte di Prato, che giunse a porlo in diffidenza fino della moglie, e di lui svincolò col farlo morire in occasione di una congiura, della quale erano complici Crescimbene e Gaspero di Castelbarco.” LITTA

-“Uomo dotato di mediocri talenti guerrieri.” BROGNOLI

-“Principe raro e Capitano singolarissimo..Era di statura giusta e forte, di volto bianco, e d’occhi e capelli castagnicci.” ROSCIO

-“Uomo valoroso.” SABELLICO

-“Huomo ..altiero, magnanimo e che si dilettava di esser temuto. Fu liberalissimo.” EQUICOLA

-“Si diede a conoscere..di molta stima e grido nell’armi e nelle lettere.” LOSCHI

-“I di cui talenti per la guerra erano mediocri.” LAUGIER

-“Huomo di grandissimo valore.” MAZZELLA

-“Il quale fu grande amatore della religione e di molto valore nell’armi..Principe di gran valore e bontà.” TARCAGNOTA

-“Guadagnò fama di prode quanto esperto condottiero.” BOSI

-“Il quale era per la grandezza della propria conditione e per l’eccellenza della virtù, soggetto che poteva e sapeva non meno che ricevere, apportare lustro alla dignità del posto (di capitano generale).” VIANOLI

-“Fu eccellente nell’armi.” SANSOVINO

-“Il quale fu molto religioso e buon principe, e però Dio lo prosperò sempre in tutte le sue cose.” ULLOA

-“Capitano di gran rinomo.” UGOLINI

-“Signore cortesissimo e magnanimo.” BALDI

-“Mantovano Alessandro, nuovo Marte della sua città. terrore del suo secolo per le sue vincitrici armi e amore de’ suoi popoli, per la sua generosissima liberalità.” MAFFEI

-“Fo de vertu et dignità prudente et fo vincitore sempre.” NOTAR GIACOMO

-“Soggetto che sapeva non che ricevere, ma apportare ancora per l’eccellenza della sua virtù lustro alla dignità del posto (di capitano generale).” TENTORI

-“Condottiero e buon stratega.” SCARDIGLI

-“La storiografia ha sovente visto Gian Francesco come un precursore incompiuto del perfetto principe rinascimentale figura, che sarebbe stata invece incarnata dal figlio Ludovico sia a causa, probabilmente, della vita trascorsa in imprese di guerra, sia per la sua costante lotta con una mancanza di denaro, che, a partire dall’Equicola in poi, venne interpretata come effetto di una irremediabile propensione al lusso e allo spreco, in ciò specchio in negativo di due parsimoniosi e oculati amministratori quali sembrarono la moglie, saggia e devota, e il prudente figlio Ludovico. Il Possevino scrisse duramente che Gian Francesco sapeva “perdere potius quam dare””. LAZZARINI

-“Era di statura giusta: e forte: di volto bianco: e d’occhi, e capelli castagnicci.” CAPRIOLO

-Con il fratello Rodolfo “Uomini ornati d’ogni virtù ai principi convenevoli.” MAINARDI

-“Gianfrancesco è uno dei personaggi più interessanti della famiglia Gonzaga; è tuttavia ancora da studiare, per indagare fino a qual punto i successi innegabili che si ebbero durante il suo governo, furono dovuti alla sua abilità politica o a quella del Malatesta, di cui Paola fu senza dubbio la continuatrice…Ad un primo esame se ne deduce che i rovesci iniziarono quando egli si distaccò dalla alleanza veneziana. Mette poi conto ricordare che dal settembre 1429 Carlo Malatesta era morto e non sarà del tutto inverosimile che, privo del suo consigliere, inorgoglito del titolo marchionale, il Gonzaga, illudendosi di essere ormai il capo di una grande potenza ed un abile statista, abbia sognato ingrandimenti assurdi a spese di Venezia. La sua figura quindi ne verrebbe ragionevolmente ridimensionata e ridotta a più reali proporzioni. Egli fu senza dubbio uno splendido signore del Rinascimento; desideroso di abbellire la sua dimora, non esitò a far venire dalle Fiandre operai specializzati ed a far impiantare a Mantova la prima fabbrica di arazzi che vi sia stata in Italia…L’opera di Francesco Gonzaga come amministratore non ha grande rilievo. Impegnato nelle guerre egli visse a lungo lontano da Mantova; tuttavia anche in questo campo, pur nei limiti segnati dalla sua attività di capitano e diplomatico, lascia tracce di un impegno vivo e pronto a rendersi conto delle necessità dei suoi sudditi.” CONIGLIO

-“Sebbene non fosse segnato dalla maledizione malatestiana (la gibbosità), nessuno lo avrebbe potuto definire un bell’uomo: aveva un viso rincagnito di bulldog, labbroni sporgenti, vagamente negroidi, una spiccata exoftalmia (occhi sporgenti) ed un volgare colorito brunastro. In compenso era un autentico atleta che eccelleva nelle imprese militari e soprattutto nei tornei, la sua grande passione.” BRAGLIA

-“Ebbe educazione gagliarda e strettamente militare, ma non scevra di accorgimenti come prova un suo spontaneo viaggio di istruzione presso le corti di Firenze, Roma e di Napoli. Fu ottimo governatore e promosse in Mantova istituti vantaggiosi alla città. Il suo matrimonio con Isabella d’Este, tanto celebrato, fece della corte di Mantova un rifugio di artisti d’ogni genere, onde il Rinascimento vi ebbe le sue più nobili esplicazioni…Per la sua incertezza politica, nella quale ebbe gran parte l’influenza straordinaria di Isabella d’Este, la sorte di Mantova fu alla mercè della Francia e di Giulio II.” ARGEGNI

-I contemporanei hanno molto celebrato il suo coraggio, la sua forza fisica, le sue virtù guerresche, e perfino la sua bellezza… (Riguardo alla sua politica) è difficile poter penetrare (gli) ondeggiamenti continui, che probabilmente sono determinati da motivi di scarsa importanza che sfuggono alle nostre ricerche. Comunque si ha l’impressione di una continua incertezza, di un opportunismo politico e militare, che impedisce a Francesco, come ai suoi predecessori, di impegnarsi a fondo, e gli fa tenere il piede in due staffe o, per lo meno, gli consente di aver sempre libera una via d’uscita… Nelle terribili vicende della storia d’Italia dei primi anni del ‘500 si era dimostrato politico avido ed uomo da poco, devastato dal mal francese che lo trasse anzitempo alla tomba.” CIAMPINI

-L’acquisto delle cavalcature alla corte gonzaghesca “Sul finire del 1494 Francesco II Gonzaga avrebbe sborsato 359 ducati per avere cinque cavalli, due puledri e tre mule, tutti acquistati in Spagna. I cavalli erano costati circa 50 ducati l’uno, con l’eccezione di un “chastagno scuro” del valore di circa 80 ducati, ma a queste spese andavano aggiunti 433 ducati per i “fornimenti delle bestie”, per i dazi della dogana e per i salari dei compratori. Ulteriori 125 ducati erano previsti per il nolo della nave, e altri 125 per il riscatto del Caveza de Moro, catturato in mare. Considerando anche il vitto per uomini e bestie, il marchese avrebbe speso complessivamente, per una sola spedizione, ben 1057 ducati veneziani.” ANSANI

-“Condottiero tra i maggiori del suo tempo, fu il mecenate tanto di Vittorino da Feltre e dell’Alberti (Leon Battista Alberti) quanto del Pisanello.” MALLETT

-“Guerriero ai soldi altrui nelle guerre di Lombardia, Giovanni Francesco attese assai poco alla prosperità del suo Stato, che egli non seppe né estendere, né tampoco conservare nei confini tra cui lo aveva ricevuto, e che nuovamente danneggiò poi in morte frazionandolo tra i suoi figli. Ebbe merito come protettore delle lettere. Era la passione del tempo; l’erudito ed il poeta formavano l’ornamento delle corti, piccole o grandi, in Italia. Poggio Bracciolini chiamò il marchese di Mantova “princeps nostrae aetatis doctissimus.” Il suo reggimento è importante, più ancora che per la storia delle lettere e del classicismo, per quelle dell’istruzione e della pedagogia. Raccolse intorno a sé i migliori maestri del tempo, fra i quali Vittorino Rambaldoni da Feltre, cui volle affidare l’educazione dei suoi figliuoli.” CIPOLLA

SPECIFIC BIOGRAPHIES

-F. Tarducci. Gianfrancesco Gonzaga signore di Mantova.

Featured image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_I_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua

Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani è l'autore del sito Condottieri di ventura.