Lucio Malvezzi and the Military Ambitions of Renaissance Nobility

Italian CondottieriLucio Malvezzi and the Military Ambitions of Renaissance Nobility

Son-in-law of Roberto da San Severino. A representative of that nobility which, in Renaissance Italy, embraced the profession of arms as a political opportunity for their family—in this case, as enemies of the Bentivoglio. Some sources portray him as a spirited and loyal captain, author of glorious deeds; others, as is sometimes the case, describe him as an indecisive and timid commander, skilled at disguising such “defects” as thoughtfulness and caution. In any case, he distinguished himself during the War of the League of Cambrai, particularly in the defense of Padua and in the capture of Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.

Indice delle Signorie dei Condottieri: ABCDEFGIJLMNOPQRSTUVZ

Between tactical restraint and perceived indecision in the age of professionalized warfare

Lucio Malvezzi (Lucio Cornelio Malvezzi). From the Cà Granda branch of the family. Native of Bologna. Son of Ludovico Malvezzi, nephew of Ercole Malvezzi, and cousin of Ercole Malvezzi (2). Son-in-law of Roberto da San Severino, and brother-in-law to Giovan Francesco da San Severino, Galeazzo da San Severino, Gaspare da San Severino, Antonio Maria da San Severino, Ottaviano da San Severino, as well as to il Faccendino. Lord of Borgolavezzaro.

Born: 1462
Death: 1511, September

Year, MonthState, Company venturaOpponentCommandArea of ActivityActions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts
1467EmiliaRemains fatherless; from his earliest years devotes himself to a military career.
1483
July 1483VeniceFerrara20 lancesEmiliaEngages the Este forces. Holding a command of 100 cavalry, he infiltrates the ducal park near Ferrara at night with sappers, digging a hidden trench to ambush Duke Ercole d’Este. Fails to advance upon the agreed signal fired by a small bombard; Venetian troops emerge from the bastions at Pontelagoscuro but are repelled with heavy losses due to Malvezzi’s hesitation. Stripped of his condotta and dismissed. Subsequently joins Roberto da San Severino’s company to continue opposing the Este.
Sept. 1483145 cavalryLombardy
…………..SienaEmilia and TuscanyFlees Bentivoglio vengeance in Bologna; received and sheltered by the Republic of Siena.
1484
Jan. 1484Venice180 cavalryHis company’s strength is formally increased to 180 cavalrymen.
1485
Feb. 1485VenetoStays at Cittadella with father‑in‑law Roberto da San Severino; participates in the grand tournament in Piazza San Marco hosted by San Severino.
Oct. 1485FriuliAccompanies Roberto da San Severino to Friuli to counter Hungarian incursions.
1486
Jan. 1486Papal StatesNaplesLazioServes under San Severino in Papal forces; combats the Aragonese, reported operating in upper Lazio.
Spring 1486Lazio and TuscanyActive at Corneto (Tarquinia); raids around Bracciano. Opposed by Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (Alfonso d’Aragona), and Virginio Orsini with support from Giovanni Antonio Caldora; initial papal cavalry lose 50,000 head of livestock. Malvezzi and Caldora receive reinforcements, intercept retreating Aragonese near Barbarano Romano. Malvezzi proceeds to Tarquinia to block Giovan Francesco da San Severino, then advances to Montepulciano to engage the Duke of Calabria.
May 1486TuscanyIn the Battle of Montorio, ordered with 1,000 infantry to strike the enemy flank from a woodland; initially successful but ordered to fall back; troops ignore withdrawal and press into the Aragonese camp. Fighting ends at night without a definitive outcome.
1487
July 1487VeniceDuke of AustriaVeneto and TrentinoCommissioned by Venice, through negotiations with Davide da Basilea, to secure San Severino’s condotta against Sigismund of Austria (Sigismondo d’Austria). Leads an assault from Rovereto alongside Giovanni Greco and Pietro d’Erba with 30 light cavalry and 100 infantry (balestrieri and picchieri).
Aug. 1487TrentinoConducts a nocturnal mountain crossing; at dawn attacks Beseno Castle and reaches Castel Pietra’s first bastion. Engages in fierce combat, inflicting at least 85 German casualties before being forced to withdraw.
1488
Aug. 1488Milan300 cavalryReceives pay from Duke Ludovico Sforza, raising his company to 300 cavalry.
Nov.–Dec. 1488Emilia and LombardyConspires in Bologna with Giulio Malvezzi against the ruling Bentivoglio family. Plot exposed; Malvezzi publicly dissociates but must flee to Milan. Under pressure from Giovanni Bentivoglio, Sforza orders his expulsion.
1494
Aug. 1494EmiliaParticipates in military actions in the Bolognese territory alongside Giovan Francesco da San Severino.
Sept. 1494LombardyAttempts return to Milanese domains but is expelled again due to Bentivoglio influence.
1495
Feb. 1495MilanFlorence300 cavalryTuscanyDispatched by Ludovico Sforza, ostensibly financed by Genoa, with Ludovico della Mirandola to assist Pisa against Florence; engages at Vicopisano.
Mar.–Apr. 1495Captain GeneralTuscanyEncamped at Cascina with 200 cavalry and 800 infantry; initiates siege of Ripafratta with eight bombards. Counterattacked by Florentine forces (107 men‑at‑arms, 300 light cavalry, 3,000 infantry, 200 sappers), his men withdraw to Pisa amid allegations of bribery. A subsequent sortie with 600 infantry, 100 light cavalry, and 35 men‑at‑arms at Buti forces the Florentines back to Bientina; signals by ringing bells. Reinforced by 600 French stradiots, occupies strategic bridge and canal, suffers heavy enemy losses.
July 1495TuscanyMoves on Peccioli; defeated between Pandera and Cascina by forces led by Ranuccio da Marciano, Ercole Bentivoglio, Francesco Secco, and Guidobaldo da Montefeltro. Six men‑at‑arms and 60 infantry—including two nephews and San Severino’s son—are captured. Withdraws, transporting local grain to Pisa.
Oct. 1495His estates in Bologna are confiscated by the Bentivoglio regime.
Dec. 1495TuscanyDefends Pisa during a sudden attack by Marciano and Paolo Vitelli, coordinating citizen militias and artillery from the citadel’s French commander; wounded in action but receives civic acknowledgment. Later directs artillery harassment against Montepulciano and Montefeltro’s camp.
1496
Jan. 1496TuscanyNegotiates transfer of Pisa’s citadel from French governor Entragues to the Pisans for 20,000 ducats, allocating 8,000 to defenders.
Feb. 1496MilanFranceLiguriaAdvances to Savona with cavalry and 2,000 infantry, destroys houses near the bridge, negotiates combined land‑sea assault on Genoa with Venetian admiral Domenico Malipiero.
Mar. 1496LiguriaPursues retreating French forces to Albenga and Finale Ligure.
Apr. 1496MilanFlorenceTuscanyExecutes a nocturnal raid from Vicopisano, surprising Francesco Secco’s quarters; captures numerous men, 200 pack horses, four bombard carts, and inflicts 50 casualties on Florentine men‑at‑arms.
May 1496TuscanyAttempts ambush at Ripafratta supplies; occupies Ponsacco, seizes Ludovico da Marciano and Giovanni della Vecchia, sacks the town, and holds San Romano and Montopoli in Val d’Arno. Florentines retreat upon sighting French banners; Malvezzi defends before city elders against collusion charges and is exonerated.
June 1496TuscanyFrustrated by unpaid arrears, slows campaign operations with repeated excuses; mid‑month facilitates escape of Ludovico da Marciano by feigning pursuit, simultaneously detaining those left behind, all affirming compliance with his orders.
July 1496TuscanyOpposes Venetian‑sanctioned raids into Florentine territories; Pisan authorities grow suspicious of his loyalties. In war council at San Giovanni della Vena with Venetian representatives Giampaolo Manfrone and provveditore Giustiniano Morosini, he refuses immediate action citing pay delays. Pisan leaders petition Ludovico Sforza for recall, to no avail.
Aug. 1496TuscanyStrengthens fortifications at Vicopisano and Bientina: installs a 70‑lb colubrine in the main tower, constructs a bastion equipped with small artillery pieces.
Sept. 1496TuscanyBegins reluctant siege of San Regolo; withdraws almost immediately when Florentines send reinforcements. Attempts to seize Pontedera; clashes with city commissioners. Venice dispatches Annibale Bentivoglio with 150 lances to assist Pisa.
Oct. 1496TuscanyRequests discharge following Annibale Bentivoglio’s arrival.
Nov. 1496Tuscany and LombardyOperates in Val di Serchio; traverses Lunigiana, returns to Milanese territories.
1497
Jan.–Mar. 1497LiguriaAgain serves in Savona; Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (future Pope Julius II) attempts to recruit him for France; he declines, asserting Italy for Italians.
Sept. 1497Lombardy and PiedmontOrdered to Serravalle Scrivia to reinforce defenses of duchal fortresses against French aggression.
Dec. 1497PiedmontElected ducal lieutenant over troops beyond the Po; granted the fief of Borgolavezzaro by Sforza.
1498
May 1498MilanFrancePiedmontNamed ducal commissioner of Alessandria during its siege by French forces led by Gian Giacomo Trivulzio.
June 1498FlorencePisaDiscontented with lack of personal command, obtains Sforza’s approval to enter Florentine service, retaining his usual stipend.
July 1498MilanEmilia, Tuscany, PiedmontAccompanies Ludovico della Mirandola through Bolognese territories; aligns with Alessandro Bentivoglio at Alessandria as commissioner.
Oct. 1498MilanVenice200 cavalryEmilia and TuscanyDispatched to Tuscany to support Florence against Annibale Bentivoglio.
Dec. 1498TuscanyEncamps around Bibbiena.
1499
Feb. 1499PiedmontDiscusses desire to serve Venice; continues as Alessandria commissioner, resented by local factions.
May 1499PiedmontInforms Sforza of French hostilities preparations.
June 1499PiedmontFacilitates safe passage for French envoys traveling from Asti to Venice.
July 1499PiedmontOversees reinforcement of Bergoglio defenses; arrests and exiles suspected pro-French sympathisers.
Aug. 1499MilanFrance75 lancesPiedmont and LombardyReports pay discrepancies, inciting troop unrest; commands Alessandria’s defense; refuses to relieve Castello di Annone; sides with Galeazzo da San Severino in council; moves to Pavia but Duke refuses audience.
Sept. 1499LombardyEscorts the fleeing Ludovico Sforza to Valtellina alongside Galeazzo da San Severino.
…………..Trentino and LombardyCaptured by Venetian forces at Rovereto; taken to Brescia then released; offer to join Venetian service denied.
1500
Feb. 1500SforzaFranceLombardyCommands defense of Vigevano in support of Sforza’s restoration efforts.
Apr. 1500Piedmont and LombardyFleeing after Novara defeat, hides at Milan then Chiaravalle Abbey; caught in friar’s habit in Cremona, detained and again requests Venetian condotta; imprisoned in Cremona’s fortress.
July 1500Bounty of 2,000 ducats placed by Giovanni Bentivoglio; Malvezzi jailed in Verona’s Castelvecchio.
Dec. 1500VenetoFreed through intercession of Pope Alexander VI and Cardinal of Modena; Council of Ten debates his ransom proposal of 10,000 ducats.
1501
Feb. 1501VenetoReleased on bail through papal intercession despite French objections.
Apr. 1501VenetoPresent in Venice.
…………..Papal StatesLazio and RomagnaIn Rome; transitions to service under Cesare Borgia in Romagna.
1502
Sept. 1502Papal States
Oct. 1502Papal StatesCondottieriRomagnaPositioned at Imola alongside Cesare Borgia and Gaspare da San Severino, commands 300–400 infantry in city defense.
Nov. 1502RomagnaRecruits and assembles light cavalry for papal campaigns.
1503
Jan. 1503RomagnaDismissed on Bentivoglio pressure following Senigallia massacre; retreats to Ravenna with 25 cavalry; renewed offer to Venice unheeded.
1506
Oct. 1506FranceBolognaEmiliaLeaves Parma in the company of Antonio Maria Pallavicini and Antonio Maria da San Severino for Bologna; forces pillage local territories en route.
Nov. 1506Papal StatesBolognaCaptain GeneralEmiliaReturns to Bologna after Bentivoglio expulsion; appointed Captain General by Pope Julius II; oversees reprisals against exiled families.
1507
Apr. 1507Papal StatesBentivoglioEmiliaAllies with Alessandro Pepoli to repel Bentivoglio-led assaults on Bolognese territory.
May 1507EmiliaAfter Bentivoglio defeat, attempts unsuccessfully to prevent demolition of their San Donato palace; recovers previously confiscated properties.
June 1507VeniceEmiliaIncreasing discord with papal command leads to acceptance of Venetian condotta.
Sept. 1507100 lancesEmilia and VenetoTransports company from Bologna to Venice; quarters his men in Verona environs.
Dec. 1507Veneto and TrentinoSent to Brentonico to inspect and fortify mountain passes against imperial forces.
1508
Jan. 1508Venice & FranceEmpire100 lancesVenetoWith Venice and France at war, reviews forces in Verona before 12,000 spectators; camps at Bussolengo with 400 cavalry anticipating imperial attack.
Feb. 1508VenetoConferences with Niccolò Orsini and Gian Giacomo Trivulzio at Valeggio sul Mincio.
Apr. 1508Veneto and TrentinoMoves on Brentonico; urges assault on Riva del Garda following Dionigi Naldi’s withdrawal.
Nov. 1508Receives tax concessions from Council of Savi pending formal conduct increase; annual pay totals 5,962 ducats.
1509
Apr. 1509VeniceFrance & Empire100 lancesVeneto and LombardyDeployed at Nogara and the Ponte Molino bastion near Mantua; returns to Verona with company and infantry reinforcements.
May–June 1509Lombardy and VenetoEngages in the Battle of Agnadello; rescues Provveditore Generale Giorgio Corner, maintains order amid Venetian rout; withdraws via Brescia to Valeggio, Mira, and Mestre.
July 1509VenetoDispatched by Niccolò Orsini to scout Treviso camp sites; redirected to Conegliano to negotiate serravalle artillery capture; Council of Savi extends his ferma by two years and increases his company from 100 to 150 lances; agreement: one-year active service, stipend of 15,000 ducats, monthly 100 ducats expense allowance, unit of 100 men-at-arms and 100 mounted crossbowmen.
Aug. 150953 lancesVenetoIntelligence reports Francesco Gonzaga at Isola della Scala; leads night assault with Ferraguto, Girolamo Pompei, and Zitolo da Perugia plus local troops, capturing Gonzaga and Boisy; secures spoil valued at 20,000 ducats; fends off combined French and imperial siege with 53 lances and 129 lances under his colonel around Saracinesca and Porta Savonarola.
Sept. 1509VenetoCommands defense of Padua’s walls between San Giovanni and Saracinesca with 100 men-at-arms, 200 mounted crossbowmen, 1,000 stradiots, 1,500 infantry; conducts sorties, disrupts enemy works at Bassanello; thwarts ambush by Bajardo, La Clayette, and La Crote; oversees safe retreat of pay convoy attacked by French and German cavalry, resulting in traitor Giovan Francesco da Ponte’s execution in Venice.
Oct. 1509VenetoConcludes 40-day siege; reviews troops at Padua; minimal casualties—eight men-at-arms lost.
Nov. 1509VenetoVenetian army departs for Vicenza; Malvezzi remains to secure payment, departs for San Bonifacio after 2,000-ducat advance.
Dec. 1509VenetoFortifies Lonigo in coordination with Bernardino da Montone and Dionigi Naldi.
1510
Jan. 1510VenetoHolds muster at Lonigo; skirmishes at Soave with three squadrons of French cavalry; captures 50–60 horses and men.
Feb. 1510VenetoMeets French ambassador Charles de Chaumont; negotiates cession of Bologna in exchange for Padua, secures written royal confirmation for the Venetian Signoria.
Mar. 151065 lancesVenetoEncamps at Torri di Quartesolo; receives 1,000 ducats in arrears; petitions for early discharge (term ends in September); enters secret contact with imperial envoys; considered for Captain General after Niccolò Orsini’s death but overlooked in favor of Gonzaga; authorized to refill company ranks.
May 1510VenetoContinues duties despite personal discontent; discussed as potential governor general; receives additional 2,000 ducats; inspects Polesine defenses with Giovanni Paolo Gradenigo; withdraws to San Bonifacio as Polesine falls to the enemy.
June 1510VeniceFrance, Ferrara & Empire65 lances & 85 light cavalryVenetoDebate over governor general appointment continues; visits Monselice and Brentelle; serious illness treated by Dr. Marco Antonio Speroni in Padua; retains guard duties alongside provveditore Paolo Capello while Andrea Gritti leads offensive diversions.
July 1510Governor GeneralVenetoElected Governor General by a single vote; term: one year active plus one year of respect; annual salary set at 17,400 ducats; requests conversion of respect year into active service and increase of company to 150 men-at-arms; conducts inspection of Codalunga bastion; implements strict defensive measures to avoid unnecessary skirmishes.
Aug. 151072 lances & 100 light cavalryVenetoReceives ceremonial banner and staff in Padua Cathedral from Lorenzo Orio and Piero Morosini; proposes Polesine campaign; critiques provveditore Marco Antonio Contarini for hesitancy; opportunity to capture Brescia passed due to caution; returns to Padua.
Sept. 1510VenetoAdvances towards Montebello Vicentino; refuses open battle, withdraws to San Bonifacio; forces enemy across Alpone; requests reinforcements of 3,000 infantry; accused of indecision by Antonio Pio and provveditore Sigismondo Cavalli; initiates siege of Verona with 800 men-at-arms, 3,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry and farmer militias; artillery breach collapses castle wall; repels German infantry sortie led by Zitolo da Perugia and Vincenzo Naldi; tensions culminate in the execution of a stradiot for dereliction of duty; siege lifted amid pay disputes.
Oct. 1510VenetoJoins provveditore Andrea Gritti at Montagnana to coordinate defense.
Nov. 1510VenetoRecorded at Ficarolo; leads incursion on Verona but halted by inclement weather; retreats to Soave and San Bonifacio.
Dec. 1510VenetoReturns to Montagnana; succumbs to mal aria-induced illness.
1511
Feb. 1511VenetoStationed at Badia Polesine; publicly reproached by Renzo di Ceri for passivity.
Apr. 1511VenetoAs enemy forces approach the Po, transfers assets from Montagnana to Padua; plagued by leg ailments; command duties heavily assumed by provveditore Andrea Gritti.
May 1511VenetoRecovers sufficiently to order provveditore Sigismondo Cavalli to breach the Adige banks at Bonavigo.
June 1511VenetoHis conduct during recent campaigns is formally censured by provveditore Sigismondo Cavalli in the Collegio dei Pregadi.
Aug. 1511VenetoAt end of his condotta, petitions to retire; Venetian Council offers a Padua residence and annual stipend of 2,500 ducats; confirmed in office by Council of Savi envoy Niccolò Bernardi; remains ill and opposes Venetian plans to retake Vicenza as proposed by Federico Contarini.
Sept. 1511VenetoStricken by tertiary syphilis, dies in Padua’s Abbey of San Benedetto; interred in Benedictine habit; funeral held privately amid lingering suspicions over his wealth; estate inventory lists 170 ducats in cash, silverware worth 1,000 ducats, and 15 horses. Married to Ginevra da San Severino.

Sources

-“Morì ancor giovane, e parve la sua morte più acerba, perché non morì gloriosamente in battaglia, come i suoi chiari fatti meritavano.” MOCENIGO

-“Era in M. Lucio di tutte le cose ancora non da essere molto temute una incredibil sospension d’animo, e un certo gelo di core e paura, che il ritenevano a non mai cosa egregia e altra intraprendere: la qual paura egli tuttavia con le parole e con lo infingersi prudente copriva di maniera, che non agevolmente si parea, come egli fosse più o meno pauroso, o prudente.” BEMBO

-“Homme de guerre, et entreprenant s’il y en avoit au monde.” LE LOYAL SERVITEUR

-“Messer Lutio Malvezzi, il bel campione.” Da un cantare raccolto dal RAMBALDI

-“Huomo valente, e molto animoso.” GIOVIO

-“Huomo raro ne’ fatti della guerra d’una gran fede, e d’una somma prudenza.” P. GIUSTINIAN

-“Accrebbe gloria e splendore alla famiglia sua, con diverse opere egregie e degne di memoria.” SANSOVINO

-“Crebbe col suo valore la gloria ed il nome di sua famiglia.” BOSI

-“Seguì emulandone la gloria, la carriera delle armi già con tanto onore battuta dal padre.” SPRETI

-“Esperimentato nelle occasioni più scabrose e ardere, di una sopraffina militare intelligenza.” VERDIZZOTTI

-Con Renzo di Ceri “Ambi valenti e rinomati capitani.” A. ZENO

-“Ingénieux et perspicace observateur.” PELISSIER

-“Luzio Malvezzi celebre nell’armi/ Pien d’ardimento e di marzial valore.” Da un antico poema riportato da I. CANTU’

-“(Morì) lasciando fama di buon guerriero, non macchiata da crudeltà, né d’abuso di potere.” I. CANTU’

-“Pareva il signor Lucio un paladino/ Che di pagani facesse macello/…/ Lucio Malvezzi in arme pro (prode) campione/ Che non schifò faticha di gran carco/…/ El signor Lucio capitan di vaglia/ Ben si adoprava con suo stocho in mano:/ urta, si baratta, fende, frappa e smaglia:/ Che tanto non fe mai Hector troiano:/ Né Iulio cesar con Pompeo in thessaglia/ Como faceva lui sopra quel piano:/ Caziando hor questo, hor quillo con furore/ A soi prestando forza, animo e core.” CORDO

-Alla difesa di Padova “Con la sua squadra il bon lucio malvezzo/ d’homini d’armi, e molti balestrieri,/ come colui che ne le guerre avezzo/ entrò in la ciuffa più che volentieri/ poco curando ogni mortal riprezzo./…/ (Cattura di Francesco Gonzaga) Lucio malvezzo con il stocco in mano/ tra la nemica turba si cacciava/ E come fusse un novo Hetor troiano/ hor questo hor quello al prato traboccava/ sì che di morti ricopriva il piano./ Tanto mirabilmente si adoprava/ deliberato o d’acquistar honore/ o far come hom che ben servendo more./…/ Lucio malvezzo valoroso, & forte/ essendo con il griti (Andrea Gritti) in padoa drento/ e con l’armate sue fiorite scorte/ havendo fatto ogni provedimento/ come il ciel volse, e la sua fatal sorte/ il corpo suo ristò nel spirito spento/ e sepulto fu con gran dolore/ de tutto il campo, e con immenso honore.” DEGLI AGOSTINI

-“Uomo d’arme, esponente di quella nobiltà che, nell’Italia del Risorgimento scelse il mestiere militare anche come opportunità politica per la propria famiglia, il Malvezzi appare condizionato nelle sue scelte dalle sue inimicizie con i Bentivoglio. Seppe, però, sempre valutare con attenzione i rapporti di forza, rinunciando all’azione quando mancavano i presupposti del successo; la qual cosa gli valse, in più di un’occasione, l’accusa di eccessiva prudenza.” GULLINO

-“Fu eccellente nella milizia, e giugnendo ai gradi supremi, accrebbe sopra modo la riputazione, e lo splendore della famiglia. Visse e si formò nelle guerre più grandi, che avesse l’Italia..Uomo insigne nell’arte della guerra, e un uomo pieno di prudenza e di fede.” TOSELLI

-“Lucio Malvezzi Capitan di Marte/ Qui invitto giace, e d’immatura morte/ Vinse chi altri già vinse, e non solo a sorte,/ Ma con prudenza, stratagemmi, ed arte.” Versi del Casio, ripresi dal TOSELLI

-“Fu de’ primi Capitani d’Italia del suo tempo.” DOLFI

-“Il bel campione.” Da “La guerra dei tedeschi contro i veneziani” in GUERRE IN OTTAVA RIMA

-“(Muore) lasciando fama di valoroso capitano e di animo generoso.” ARGEGNI

-“Condottiero tra i più prestigiosi del periodo e al centro di un’ampia trama di relazioni internazionali nelle quali rientravano, accanto ad amicizie influenti, nutrite clientele e altrui abili capitani.” BAZZOCCHI

-“Pavido e irresoluto.” PIERI

-“Fiacco comandante veneto.” SIMEONI

-“Capitano favorito da Lodovico il Moro e, come uno dei più brillanti soldati dei suoi tempi, i suoi servizi erano ricercati dalle Potenze italiane.” ADY

Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani
Roberto Damiani è l'autore del sito Condottieri di ventura.