A skilled commander’s rise to fame and unexpected fall from grace
Francesco II Gonzaga (Gianfrancesco Gonzaga) of Mantua. Marquess of Mantua. Lord of Asola, Lonato, Castel d’Ario, Peschiera del Garda. Son of Federico Gonzaga; brother of Giovanni Gonzaga; father of Federico Gonzaga; son-in-law of Ercole d’Este; brother-in-law of Giovanni Sforza, Alfonso d’Este, Annibale Bentivoglio, Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Ludovico Sforza, and Gilberto di Montpensier (Gilberto di Borbone); nephew of Francesco Secco; father-in-law of Francesco Maria della Rovere.
Born: 1466, August
Death: 1519, March
| Month | State / Condotta | Opponent | Contract | Area of Activity | Actions and Significant Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1490 | Emilia, Lombardy | In January, Francesco Gonzaga organizes a masquerade ball at Giulio Tassoni‘s palace in Ferrara, then travels to Milan to participate in a grand tournament won by Galeazzo da San Severino and Giberto Borromeo. | |||
| February | Lombardy | In mid-February, he marries Isabella d’Este, daughter of Duke Ercole d’Este. He is reported to be in Belgioioso with his wife. | |||
| June | Veneto | He visits Belluno. | |||
| 1491 | Emilia | In February, he is in Ferrara for the wedding of Alfonso d’Este to Anna Sforza. | |||
| March-May | Emilia, Veneto | In Ferrara, he meets with his uncles Giovanni Francesco, Rodolfo, and Ludovico; tensions with his other uncle Francesco Secco start to arise. Both he and Francesco Secco are summoned separately to Venice by the Council of Ten. A final break occurs between them in Verona, leading to mutual hostility and the imprisonment of each other’s servants. The conflict escalates, but a brief reconciliation is attempted by Doge Agostino Barbarigo. Francesco Gonzaga returns to Ferrara, while Francesco Secco retreats to San Martino di Gusnago, where he loots Mantua and his country estates. | |||
| June | Lombardy, Emilia | He visits Francesco Secco in Marmirolo with his father-in-law Ercole d’Este. He also travels to Bologna for his brother Giovanni’s wedding to Laura Bentivoglio. | |||
| July | Lombardy, Marche | Giovanni Secco flees Mantua to serve the Florentines. Francesco Gonzaga has his estates looted and confiscates his uncle’s properties. He demands and obtains the 6,000-ducat salary owed to his uncle Francesco Secco. He then travels to Urbino. | |||
| August-September | Lombardy | Francesco Gonzaga oversees a trial in Mantua for high treason, falsification, and lese-majesty, based on confessions obtained through torture. Francesco Secco and Stefano Secco are convicted, and Paolo Erba is executed. | |||
| December | Lombardy | In Milan, Francesco Gonzaga begins forming important personal relationships during these ceremonies. | |||
| 1492 | Lombardy | Francesco Gonzaga establishes diplomatic relations with the Turks. He sends Alessio Beccagnolo as his ambassador to Constantinople, offering the Sultan armor, cuirasses, and mules in exchange for permission to import Arabian horses for his stables. | |||
| May | Lombardy | He complains to the Venetians about delayed payments, receiving 2,500 ducats in return for holding a military review in Mantua. He organizes a splendid tournament in which Galeazzo da San Severino excels. He submits to the Venetians in an administrative dispute with Galeotto della Mirandola, supported by Ludovico Sforza, and refuses to participate in a Milanese tournament or allow Mantuan knights to attend Milanese festivities. | |||
| June | Emilia, Veneto | He travels to Ferrara, Venice, and Bologna. | |||
| July-September | Tuscany, France | In July, he is in Florence and later travels to France. He returns to Venice in September. | |||
| 1493 | Venice | Milan | In April, Francesco Gonzaga joins the League formed by Pope Alexander VI, the Sforzas, the Este family, and the Venetians. He is also in the pay of the Duke of Milan. | ||
| May | Veneto, Emilia | He is in Venice for the “Marriage of the Sea” celebration and receives Ludovico Sforza in Ferrara, acting as Regent of the Duchy of Milan. | |||
| August | Emilia, Tuscany | He travels to Bologna and Florence. | |||
| 1494 | Lombardy | In March, under Venetian pressure, he refuses a contract offered by the Aragonese to oppose the French. | |||
| April | Milan | 150 lances | Lombardy | He refuses an offer from his brother-in-law Gilbert of Montpensier, Perone da Baschi, Aubigny, and Briçonnet to fight for the French against the Aragonese, despite promises of territorial gains and a general captaincy. He behaves ambiguously, seeking political advice from the Venetians while sending ambassadors to France, and his brother Giovanni serves in the Aragonese army. | |
| August | Lombardy | The Venetians, concerned, dissuade him from openly visiting his father-in-law Ercole d’Este, a French sympathizer. Meanwhile, he facilitates the advance of Giovanni Francesco da San Severino in Modena. | |||
| October | He meets King Charles VIII and justifies his actions to the Venetians. He informs the Serenissima about Ludovico Sforza’s attempts to have him join the French faction and keeps an agent in the royal army to gather information. | ||||
| November | Lombardy | He hosts the ambassador of the Sultan of Constantinople, who escaped an ambush near Ancona planned by Giovanni della Rovere. He gives the ambassador 1,000 ducats for his return to Turkey. | |||
| December | Lombardy | The Venetians negotiate the renewal of Francesco Gonzaga’s contract, granting him a four-month extension. | |||
| 1495 | In January, he begins negotiations with the Venetians for the renewal of his contract, demanding the title of general captain. | ||||
| February | Venice | 440 lances, 67 light cavalry, 367 infantry | His contract is renewed for another five years, requiring him to fight any enemy in Italy. He is officially granted 44,000 ducats in peacetime and 66,000 in wartime, though in reality, these amounts are reduced to maintain his prestige. His forces consist of 330 men-at-arms, 50 mounted crossbowmen, and 275 infantry during peacetime, increasing to 440 men-at-arms, 67 mounted crossbowmen, and 367 infantry during wartime. His uncle Rodolfo’s men and salary are also included in the contract. | ||
| May | Lombardy | He attends the ceremony where Ludovico Sforza is officially invested as the Duke of Milan. | |||
| June | Venice | France | General Governor | Lombardy | The Venetian commissioners Piero Marcello and Giorgio Emo deliver to him the insignia of General Governor of the Venetian army. He leaves Mantua with 500 cavalry to face the French, accompanied by his uncle Rodolfo, who leads the rest of the troops. He reaches Seniga on the Oglio River, commanding 6,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry, not counting local levies, sappers, and arquebusiers. |
| July | General Captain | Lombardy, Emilia, Piedmont | At Gerolanuova, he vainly challenges the enemies to battle, crosses the Oglio with 1,000 men-at-arms and 10,000 infantry, and later crosses the Po River, reaching Borgo Val di Taro in Parma. He fortifies the town and awaits the Sforza troops under Giovanni Francesco da San Severino, sending some infantry to Pontremoli and 500 men to Genoa. | ||
| August | Piedmont | He becomes ill at the camp of Vespolate. Nonetheless, he is appointed General Captain of the Lega Italica and receives a visit from Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d’Este, displaying his troops. He conquers Briona, secures supply routes from Vercelli, and fortifies positions near Novara. | |||
| September | Piedmont | Due to a dispute over a woman, a violent conflict breaks out between Italian and German soldiers, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Francesco Gonzaga resolves the conflict with gifts and diplomacy. | |||
| October | Piedmont, Lombardy | Still at the siege of Novara, he prepares to confront 20,000 Swiss reinforcements. Meanwhile, he presses the Venetians and Sforzas for peace negotiations, leading to an agreement where the allies take Novara in exchange for a large sum of money. He escorts Louis d’Orleans to Vercelli and meets King Charles VIII at Novara, receiving valuable gifts in return. | |||
| November | Lombardy, Emilia, Veneto | He receives visits from Venetian officials at San Giorgio Castle in Mantua and meets with Sigismondo d’Este at Pontelagoscuro, then travels to Chioggia and Venice with a retinue of 300 people, lodging at the palace of Roberto da San Severino. | |||
| 1496 | Venice | France | Lombardy, Veneto | In January, he is sent to the Kingdom of Naples to support Ferdinand of Aragon. Luca Pisani delivers 10,000 ducats in Mantua, but Francesco Gonzaga requests more funds and travels to Venice, where he is granted an additional 15,000 ducats. | |
| February | Lombardy, Romagna | He ships 1,400 horses, wagons, and supplies on barges, reaching Ferrara and gathering his forces at Sant’Alberto. | |||
| March | Romagna, Marche, Umbria, Lazio | He leaves Cesenatico, passes through Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, and Fossombrone, where he meets his brother-in-law Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, and enters Rome with 300 men-at-arms and 200 light cavalry, saluted by the cannons of Castel Sant’Angelo. He receives the Golden Rose from Pope Alexander VI as a mark of the Church’s favor. | |||
| April | Campania, Apulia | He is in Capua with 400 men-at-arms, 5,000 infantry, and 500 light cavalry, visiting King Ferdinand of Naples. He then moves to Grottaminarda and Lucera, commanding 1,200 men-at-arms, 800 stradiots, and 8,000 infantry. | |||
| May | Apulia, Campania | In Monteleone di Puglia, he captures Vallata and severely punishes the defenders, intimidating neighboring areas into surrender. He meets with King Ferdinand near Lucera. | |||
| June | Campania, Basilicata | He unsuccessfully attacks Circello and conducts raids in Fragneto Monforte, Morcone, Montecalvo Irpino, and other nearby towns. He bombards Fragneto Monforte for 20 hours before its garrison surrenders. | |||
| July | Basilicata | His forces, including 500 stradiots, rout 150 men-at-arms commanded by Paolo Vitelli and Paolo Orsini, who are seeking supplies near Venosa. | |||
| August | Basilicata, Campania | He escorts 1,500 Swiss cavalry and infantry to Baia Domizia and Castellammare di Stabia, where they plan to embark for France. | |||
| September | Campania, Lazio, Marche | He contracts malaria in Teano and visits Naples, Capua, and Fondi to escape the prophecy of astrologers predicting his death in Naples. | |||
| October | Romagna, Lombardy | He passes through Ravenna and Ferrara, traveling by river to Mantua with Paolo Vitelli, who surrendered to him at Atella. | |||
| November | Veneto | He travels to Chioggia and Venice by river with his soldiers, including Febo Gonzaga, Filippo dei Rossi, Giacomazzo da Venezia, and Piero Gentile. | |||
| December | Lombardy, France | Tensions with Venice escalate, with Francesco Gonzaga’s sister Chiara, widow of Gilbert of Montpensier, being escorted to France by Piero Gentile. | |||
| 1497 | Lombardy | In January, he releases Paolo Vitelli from captivity, despite Venetian orders to keep him imprisoned. | |||
| April | Emilia | He is in Ferrara. | |||
| June | Lombardy, Veneto | He is suddenly dismissed by the Council of Ten, stripped of his title of general captain, and deprived of his annual provision due to secret negotiations with the French. Ludovico Sforza exposes the true content of Piero Gentile’s mission in France. | |||
| September | Lombardy | In Brescia, incognito, he meets the former Queen of Cyprus Caterina Cornaro and participates in several social events with his current lover. |
| 1498 | |||||
| February | Lombardy | The Venetians do not accept his attempts to regain his position. | |||
| March | Lombardy | Through his courtier Giovanni Battista Trevisan, he bribes a secretary of the Council of Ten (Antonio Landi) to gain information on his situation. The scheme is discovered, and Landi is hanged. | |||
| April | Emilia, Lombardy | In Ferrara with 300 retainers, hosted by his father-in-law. He returns to Mantua and is forced to dismiss 100 men-at-arms due to lack of funds. | |||
| May | Milan | Lombardy | He does not break with the Venetians and negotiates with the Duke of Milan, who grants him an annual provision of 30,000 ducats. | ||
| June | Lombardy, Emilia | Still in Milan in the first days of the month. He then hosts Ludovico Sforza in Mantua, who gives him 10,000 ducats to pay his men two salaries. Later, he travels to Ferrara and, in the same month, protects Giberto Pio and Antonio Maria della Mirandola in their disputes over Carpi and Mirandola. He also refuses to send 40 men-at-arms and 60 light cavalry requested by his brother-in-law Guidobaldo da Montefeltro. | |||
| August | Lombardy, Marche | Dissatisfied with his treatment (or rather because Ludovico Sforza requested him to hand over some strongholds), he seeks reconciliation with the Venetians but is again refused. He goes on a pilgrimage to Loreto. | |||
| September | Lombardy, Veneto | He sends 70 mounted crossbowmen to support Caterina Sforza, Lady of Forlì, who is at war with the Venetians. Meanwhile, he resumes negotiations with the Serenissima. The Council of Ten, against the advice of the Pregadi, decides to reinstate him with a salary of 32,000 ducats (20,000 immediately) to help liberate Pisa from the siege by the Florentines. Francesco Gonzaga recalls the light cavalry he had sent days earlier to Romagna. Following negotiations conducted by his brother Giovanni, it is agreed that he will head to Garfagnana with 300 men-at-arms, including 200 mounted crossbowmen. He goes to Venice with his brother, accepts the conditions proposed, and agrees to go to Pisa with Provveditore Niccolò Foscarini. He also visits the arsenal where artillery and arms are loaded onto two barges to be transported to Romagna via the Po. On his return to Mantua, he immediately makes additional demands, such as a conduct for Ludovico della Mirandola, Cristoforo Torelli, and Francesco Torelli (which are denied). He also asks for another 5,000 ducats to reorganize his companies. Ludovico Sforza tries to lure him back with the promise of the general captaincy, while also threatening him, which affects his relatives in Novellara. He continues to raise the stakes with the Venetians, demanding the title of general captain. He remarks that the Pisa campaign is exceedingly difficult and complains that his relatives in Novellara have not received any assistance from the Venetians. The Serenissima hesitates, fearing to offend Niccolò Orsini, whose services have been valuable, and not wanting to disrupt ongoing negotiations with Gian Giacomo Trivulzio. Galeazzo da San Severino renounces the command of the Sforza troops in his favor, allowing Francesco Gonzaga to increase his demands. He no longer wants the 5,000 ducats previously requested, instead seeking to renegotiate his entire financial package. Believing that his presence is now indispensable, he demands an annual provision of 70,000 ducats for four years, valid in both war and peace, deferred payment of his debts for salt supplies, support for one of his brothers to obtain the cardinal’s hat from the Pope, and a conduct for 400 lances and 200 light cavalry. Although offended, the Serenissima merely reiterates its invitation for him to head to Romagna. The Venetian response is swift: his intransigence leads the Serenissima to abandon any further attempts at agreement. Around the same time, a deal is struck with the King of France at the expense of the Duke of Milan. At the end of the month, the Emperor names him Captain General of the Imperial Troops in Italy. The news is delivered to him the following month in Mantua by Cesare da Birago. | |||
| October | Milan, Empire | Captain General, 300 lances and 100 light cavalry | Lombardy, Veneto | He travels once again to Venice; upon returning, he reconciles with the Duke of Milan, who grants him a salary of 54,000 ducats, including 4,000 ducats for his son-in-law Enea da Cavriana. | |
| November | Lombardy | The Venetians, through the deputy-collateral Girolamo del Monte, demand 11,000 ducats from him that had been advanced to him. He is forced to return 8,000 ducats after receiving 10,000 from Ludovico Sforza. Around this time, he is seen hunting with a falcon at Marmirolo. From Milan, Galeazzo Visconti and Erasmo Brasca bring him two banners and the silver staff of a Captain General; instead of the 25,000 ducats, they only deliver 6,000 ducats, promising another 9,000 for December. | |||
| 1499 | |||||
| January | Lombardy | Tired of the situation, he sends emissaries to Venice to try to mend relations. | |||
| February | Lombardy | Ludovico Sforza invites Francesco Gonzaga to move to Casentino to oppose the Venetians under Niccolò Orsini, who has moved from Brescia to Romagna. He reluctantly sends 100 mounted crossbowmen to Castrocaro Terme and spies on Peschiera del Garda to monitor the Venetian commander. | |||
| March | Lombardy | He watches a joust where Rinieri della Sassetta fights Gherardo Roberti. Sassetta wins a cape and a sword worth 150 ducats. | |||
| April | Emilia | He meets with Annibale Bentivoglio in Ferrara and receives 15,000 ducats from the Duke of Milan. Ludovico Sforza grows increasingly dissatisfied with him and reappoints Galeazzo da San Severino as his Captain General. | |||
| ………… | Payments of his salaries are delayed. Suspected of treason, he is dismissed by the Sforzas. | ||||
| August | He moves closer to the French through Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, while also negotiating with the Serenissima. | ||||
| September | Lombardy | He reviews his companies. Ludovico Sforza, anticipating war with the French and the Venetians, tries to bring him back to his cause, sending him money and offering him lordship over Casalmaggiore, Piadena, Spineda, and other lands belonging to Gaspare da San Severino. He refuses and resumes negotiations with the Venetians, sending Antonio di Ruberti and Donato di Preti, but the Council of Ten rejects his proposals. With Ludovico Sforza‘s rapid defeat, he sends his brother Giovanni and other messengers (Baldino Scarampo) to pay homage to King Louis XII. He travels to Milan and Pavia, where he is warmly received by the King of France and the Duke of Savoy, accompanying them on hunts for deer and stags in the Mirabello Park. He is also seen with Cesare Borgia on a boar hunt in a dense thicket near the Charterhouse of Pavia. | |||
| October | France | 50 lances | Lombardy | He accompanies Louis XII in his entrance into Milan and is at his side under the canopy. In return for his homage, he is granted a conduct of 50 lances, the Order of Saint Michael’s Collar, and a pension of 6,000-12,000 ducats. He gifts the King ten Turkish destriers and ten war horses (“big horses”); in return, the King gives him a jewel. The Venetians protest, and relations with the Serenissima grow so strained that he is forced to pawn some jewels to pay for salt supplies. | |
| 1500 | |||||
| January-February | Lombardy | Francesco Sforza returns to Lombardy to reclaim the duchy. Francesco Gonzaga travels to Pavia to greet him, though his policies, as usual, fluctuate. He permits his brother Giovanni to serve with the Sforza. He gathers troops along the borders with Venetian territory. At the same time, he seeks favor with Borgia, offering to stand as godfather to his son. | |||
| March-June | Lombardy | In March, the Venetians deploy large contingents of troops in the Verona area near Mantua. In May, the French demand 50,000 ducats and an explanation for his ambiguous conduct. In June, he seeks help from the Cardinal of Rouen, sending him rich gifts. | |||
| July-August | Lombardy, Emilia | He offers his services to the Florentines and Venetians to fight the Turks (400 men-at-arms and 300 light cavalry). He hosts Galeazzo and Gaspare da San Severino in Mantua, which further fuels French resentment towards him. He secretly meets with his father-in-law Ercole d’Este in Bondeno, urging him to intercede on his behalf with the French. | |||
| September | Lombardy | He sends 100 men to assist his brother-in-law Giovanni Sforza, and when the latter is ousted from Pesaro, he shelters him in Mantua. | |||
| October-November | Lombardy, Emilia | In October, he is spotted in Sermide, and in November, he meets his brother-in-law, Duke Alfonso d’Este, in Ferrara. | |||
| 1501 | Empire | ||||
| September | He obtains permission from Maximilian of Austria to recruit 6,000 to 8,000 men from Imperial territories. | ||||
| ………… | Lombardy | He strengthens his borders and castles to counter Borgia‘s expansionist ambitions. | |||
| 1502 | |||||
| July | Lombardy | He is summoned to Vigevano by King Louis XII of France. | |||
| August | France | 100 lances | Lombardy | The French offer him a conduct and a provision (18,000 francs), considered more honorary than practical, a way to save face. Francesco Gonzaga is in Milan alongside the French King with Trivulzio, Montefeltro, and Giovanni Sforza. Like others, he criticizes Borgia‘s policies. In Pavia, he is challenged to a duel with sword and dagger by Borgia, but the King’s strong intervention calms the situation. | |
| September | Liguria, Lombardy | He accompanies the King of France to Genoa; when Louis XII leaves for France, he is permitted to return to Mantua due to fear of the plague. While in Genoa, he boards the royal ship and has a conversation with Borgia, resulting in the betrothal of his son Federico to Valentino’s newborn daughter and the granting of a cardinal’s hat (along with other church benefits tied to the Abbey of San Benedetto in Mantua) for his brother Sigismondo in exchange for 25,000 ducats. The French oppose his conduct with the Florentines (200 men-at-arms and a stipend of 25,000 ducats). | |||
| October | France | He is invited to France and travels with 50 cavalry. His company is sent to the Kingdom of Naples to fight the Spanish. | |||
| December | Lombardy | He is allowed to return to his lands, passing through Turin and continuing to Mantua via the Po. | |||
| 1503 | |||||
| March | Lombardy | He sends 150 Stradiotti to aid the French fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples. | |||
| June | Emilia | In Reggio Emilia for a war council with La Trémouille and Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio. | |||
| July | Church | Captain General | Emilia | Pope Alexander VI names him Captain General of the Church. He is in Parma with La Trémouille and Trivulzio. | |
| August | France, Church | Spain | Lieutenant General | Lombardy, Emilia | With La Trémouille‘s illness, he is named Lieutenant General by King Louis XII. He commands Italian troops in the Kingdom of Naples against the Spanish. He leaves Mantua and reaches Bologna with 50 men-at-arms and 200 light cavalry and Stradiotti, where he is hosted by Giovanni Bentivoglio. He shows symptoms of malaria. |
| September | Tuscany, Lazio | He passes through Siena and stops between Buonconvento and Viterbo with Bailiff of Caen and Sandricourt. Merchants, troubled by unrest in Rome following the Pope’s death, are reluctant to accept bills of exchange. | |||
| October | Lazio | He camps near Rome, between Nepi and Isola Farnese, to pressure the conclave to elect a French pope. After Pius III‘s election, he continues his march, crossing the Milvian Bridge and bypassing Rome. He reaches Albano, Frascati, Valmontone (lands of the Colonna family), who supply him with provisions. He bypasses Ferentino, Frosinone, and heads towards Cassino, where Consalvo de Córdoba has halted. | |||
| November | Lazio | At Pontecorvo, he is joined by Marquis Ludovico of Saluzzo from Gaeta. He attempts to storm Roccasecca, defended by 1,200 Spanish infantry under Villalba. He sends a trumpeter to scare the garrison, threatening death in case of victory. Pietro Navarro counters by intimidating the herald, and when he reappears, he is hanged. After three days of fierce bombardment and bloody assaults, with reinforcements arriving under Prospero Colonna, Navarro, and Diego de Mendoza, Francesco Gonzaga withdraws by night, turning towards Aquino and the Garigliano. He leaves 700 infantry to guard Roccaguglielma and returns to Pontecorvo, where he wastes seven days. He moves towards the Garigliano, near Minturno, intending to cross the river near its mouth. He builds a pontoon bridge, establishes a small beachhead (the Scafa Tower), and drives out the Spanish garrison. | |||
| December | Campania, Lazio, Lombardy | Bayard defends the bridgehead on the Garigliano against the light cavalry of Fabrizio Colonna and the infantry of Garcia de Paredes and Villalba. Francesco Gonzaga plans to build another bridge by bringing cargo boats from the sea. However, the French camp is not calm; desertions increase, and he is unable to oppose the demands of the French captains. Sandricourt mocks him as a “buggerone” (then meaning a lover of boys, as Italian soldiers were often derisively called by the French) for not attacking Rocca d’Evandro. Disheartened and depressed, he abandons his command under the pretense of a fever and is replaced by the Marquis of Saluzzo. He returns to Mantua via Fondi and Rome. At Marmirolo, several of his men die of the plague. | |||
| 1504 | |||||
| January | Lombardy | He is contacted by the Florentines, while King Louis XII wants him in France. He tries to reopen negotiations with the Venetians. | |||
| April | Emilia | He travels to Ferrara to mediate between Ercole d’Este and his son, Cardinal Ippolito. Francesco Gonzaga is now out of favor with the French. Some of his soldiers are robbed by the Duke of Trivento, and despite his complaints, his ambassador is not even granted an audience. | |||
| 1505 | |||||
| April-August | He contacts the Florentines to fight the Pisans (a conduct of 200 men-at-arms and 400 light cavalry with the title of Captain General, for a total cost of 33,000 ducats per month). Negotiations drag on for months due to his reluctance to fight either the King of France or the King of Spain. The conduct is ratified by the Florentines, and at the end of June, Francesco Gonzaga arrives in Florence with 50 armed men. On the eve of Saint John, one of his horses wins the Palio; shortly afterward, another of his horses wins the Palio of Sant’Egidio. He returns to Mantua while his company remains in Tuscany. Louis XII does not approve of the conduct, forcing the Marquis to refuse the advance payment of 4,000 ducats, which he also deems inadequate. | ||||
| ………… | He unsuccessfully attempts to intervene with Pope Julius II for the release of Cesare Borgia. | ||||
| 1506 | |||||
| April | He rejects a new offer from the Florentines, which includes the position of Captain General, a conduct of 250 men-at-arms, and a provision of 33,000 scudi per year, including allowances. Additional conditions include the possibility of increasing the number of men-at-arms by 50 at the Republic’s request and the requirement to review the troops two months after signing the contract. | ||||
| August | Church, Bologna | Captain General, 200 light cavalry | Lombardy, Emilia, Romagna, Marche | He initially refuses to hand over Giulio d’Este, who had attempted to assassinate his brother, Duke Alfonso of Ferrara. He later does so the following month after Niccolò da Correggio presents evidence of Giulio’s guilt. The prisoner is eventually released after 53 years of imprisonment (while the other brother, Ferrante, dies in prison after 37 years). Francesco Gonzaga meets with his brother-in-law at Sermide. He takes up service with the Church to fight the Bentivoglio, despite having previously attempted to save them from Papal wrath. He is seen in Ferrara, where he meets with the Venetian Vicedomino, and in Ravenna. In Urbino, he pledges allegiance to Julius II. | |
| September | Umbria, Lazio | He travels to Perugia (hosted by the Papal Treasurer) to pay homage to the Pope. He then heads to Gubbio with Francesco Maria della Rovere, escorted by 100 mounted crossbowmen from Mantua. In Rome, he meets the Pope, but his presence causes a thorny precedence issue with the Duke of Urbino, who holds both the title of Captain General of the Papal Army and Prefect of Rome. A verbal altercation between the two commanders escalates during a solemn mass in St. Peter’s, causing Della Rovere to abstain from attending the following day’s rites. | |||
| October | Romagna, Emilia | He passes through Forlì. Alongside Julius II and Montefeltro, he moves against Bologna. At Imola, he joins an army of 400 men-at-arms and 200 light cavalry. In Cesena, he participates in a review of his company. During an operation, he surprises 40 enemy cavalry and attacks Castel San Pietro Terme with the Papal Commissioner Niccolò Bonafede. The town quickly surrenders after its garrison flees. He then takes Medicina, San Giovanni in Persiceto, and Castel Guelfo di Bologna, where he captures another 40 cavalry from a force of 60 that had ventured out in a sortie. However, a similar attempt to seize Budrio fails. He requests money from the Pope but only receives evasive responses. | |||
| November | Emilia, Romagna | Budrio surrenders to him. Alongside Montefeltro and the Cardinal of Narbonne, he negotiates a truce with the Bentivoglio. He attends a pontifical service in Imola before entering Bologna. He saves the possessions of Giovanni Bentivoglio, later sending him 170 wagons of furniture and jewels. He leaves the city with the gift of a confiscated Bentivoglio palace, which holds 100,000 bushels of wheat and other provisions. He passes through Modena and returns to his lands. | |||
| December | Reconciled with the French, he is granted a castle in the Parma region by Louis XII, which provides him with an annual income of 600/700 ducats. | ||||
| 1507 | |||||
| January-April | Lombardy, Emilia, Piemonte | He receives two banners in Mantua, sent by the Pope, and travels to Bologna. From there, he moves through Colorno, reaching Asti and Alessandria with 200 cavalry. He meets the King of France in Alessandria before returning to his service. | |||
| June | France | Genoa | 50 lances | Lombardy, Liguria | He is in Milan with the King and gifts Louis XII a fine destrier. The King, in turn, feels obliged to reciprocate. Francesco Gonzaga is made a commander of the Order of Saint Michael. He accompanies the French against the Genoese in a brief campaign. He is seen at the camp with Gian Giordano Orsini, supporting Mercurio Bua in an action at Sampierdarena. He enters Genoa, reinforcing the garrisons of the Castelletto and Castellaccio for the meeting between the Kings of France and Spain. He accompanies Louis XII to Milan for his solemn entrance into the city. On Corpus Domini, he organizes a military display with Trivulzio, simulating an attack on a fortress (the Governor’s Palace of Chaumont), defended by Francesco Gonzaga, Trivulzio, Chaumont, and 100 men-at-arms armed with large clubs. The tournament ends with the death of some men-at-arms, forcing the King to intervene and stop the fight. |
| July | Emilia, Lombardy | He stays at Parma as a guest of Luigi dei Rossi. He reaches the Castle of Poviglio, confiscated from the Dal Verme family and granted to him by the King of France. Upon his return to Mantua, he condemns Benedetto and Alessandro Gonzaga to death for their involvement in a conspiracy against him. | |||
| October | Veneto | He stays in Venice, lodging at Santa Maria delle Grazie. | |||
| December | Lombardy | He meets Trivulzio in Viadana. | |||
| 1509 | |||||
| February | Lombardy | He is approached by Carlo Valier to serve the Serenissima, with war against the League of Cambrai looming. He refuses to avoid antagonizing the Pope. At the same time, he stations 50 soldiers and 50 mounted crossbowmen in Viadana and supplies his castles along the Oglio with provisions. | |||
| March | France | Venice | 100 lances | Lombardy | He continues to strengthen defenses in the Mantua area and sends 200 French cavalry to Viadana. In Venice, there are still hopes of enlisting him, and through his friend Carlo Valier, he is offered a conduct of 150 men-at-arms, a provision of 60,000 ducats in wartime, 45,000 in peacetime, and the title of lieutenant. Francesco Gonzaga, however, sides with the French, who promise him, in case of victory over the Venetians, possession of Peschiera del Garda, Asola, and Lonato. |
| April | Lombardy | He captures Casalmaggiore without resistance from Provveditore Alvise Bon, who is taken prisoner to Mantua, and the city is sacked. He receives 700 lances and 6,000 infantry from his allies and attempts to take Asola. Bartolomeo d’Alviano reaches Ponte Molino and destroys the bridge over the Tartaro. Francesco Gonzaga withdraws and abandons Casalmaggiore. | |||
| May | Lombardy, Emilia | At Canneto sull’Oglio with 5,000 Gascon infantry, 200 men-at-arms, and 200 light cavalry. He recaptures Casalmaggiore, stops at Colorno as a guest of Giovan Francesco da San Severino’s widow, touches Zibello and Cortemaggiore, and reaches the French camp at Cassano d’Adda. Suffering from syphilis, which has weakened his physical strength, he is unable to participate in the Battle of Agnadello. After recovering, he attacks Casaloldo with 250 cavalry, 1,200 Cernite, and some artillery. Matteo dal Borgo opposes him from Asola, and they clash at Sant’Emiliano, where his forces are defeated. In the following days, the French grant him Asola and Lonato, though the allies demand to keep their garrisons in both fortresses. At the end of the month, he enters Brescia with Gian Giacomo da Trivulzio, Galeazzo da San Severino, Luigi Avogadro, and Marco da Martinengo, accompanying the King of France. | |||
| June | Lombardy | He returns to Mantua due to his poor health. He uses the situation to remain neutral in the war and refuses a request from the Emperor and the Bishop of Trento to occupy Legnago. | |||
| July-August | Veneto | He enters Verona, refusing to govern the city but accepting 6,000 ducats from the Monte di Pietà. In August, he moves with Ludovico della Mirandola (900 cavalry) to Isola della Scala to induce some Venetian Stradiotti to defect. They pretend to agree but inform Lucio Malvezzi and Zitolo da Perugia. The two captains leave Padua and surprise Francesco Gonzaga‘s camp at night. He jumps out of bed and flees, semi-naked, hiding in a field of broom. A peasant spots him and refuses a 6,000-ducat bribe to keep quiet, instead reporting him to the Venetians. The four peasants who capture him are rewarded with a red satin jacket. His horses, artillery, jewels (80 pounds of gold and many silver tableware), and weapons worth 20,000 ducats are seized by the Venetians, and 150/200 of his men are killed in the battle. He is taken to Legnago and Este and enters Padua, where he is greeted by Provveditore Cristoforo Moro, Antonio Pio, and other captains. He enters the city through Santa Croce Gate, alongside Malvezzi, is boarded at Portello, and taken to Venice. Though it is only 3:00 AM, his boat has to pass through canals crowded with people, who insult him. He is questioned by the Council of Ten and imprisoned alone in a cell at the Torresella prison, a small tower near the Ponte della Paglia and the Rio di Palazzo, the remnants of the original fortified configuration of the Doge’s Palace. For security reasons, his place of imprisonment is monitored by nine wealthy and powerful citizens of Venice. | |||
| September-December | Veneto | In prison, he is overcome by depression. The Venetians allow him to receive visits from trusted individuals and nobles of the Serenissima. 120 ducats a month are allocated for his maintenance, as his wife Isabella d’Este refuses to intervene on his behalf. | |||
| 1510 | |||||
| February | Veneto | Increased surveillance is imposed on him following the escape of five German captains from prison. | |||
| April | Veneto | The Council of Savi decides by majority to give him command of the Serenissima’s troops. | |||
| May | Veneto | He appears before the Collegio dei Pregadi and meets Doge Leonardo Loredan. To secure his release, he makes various promises and accuses his wife and brother-in-law, Cardinal Ippolito d’Este, of being pro-French. His cause is supported by Della Rovere, the Sultan of Constantinople, and the Pope. He participates in a solemn procession in San Marco and attends a session of the Great Council held in his honor, where he is greeted by Zitolo da Perugia and Chiappino Vitelli. | |||
| July-August | Church | France, Ferrara | Gonfaloniere | Veneto, Romagna, Emilia, Lombardy | He is released on parole after his wife agrees to send their son Federico as a hostage to Rome. He makes one last appearance in the Collegio dei Pregadi with Ludovico da Fermo before embarking on a galley to Rimini, where he is bid farewell by the Doge and members of the Senate. In Rimini, he heads to Faenza, stops at Bologna with a 20-horse Papal escort, and awaits his son Federico, who is to be handed over as a hostage to Julius II. He then travels to Rome and returns to Mantua only after his son’s arrival in the city, accompanied by 50 Stradiotti and 500 crossbowmen, led by Battista Petretini and Pietro Margano, respectively. He apologizes to the Imperial and French for being unable to return to their service against the Venetians and Papal States. He accepts the title of Gonfaloniere of the Church, previously held by the excommunicated Alfonso d’Este, as well as the Serenissima’s general captaincy. He is granted 50,000 ducats in wartime, with 350 men-at-arms, 50 mounted crossbowmen, and 200 Provvigionati. In peacetime, the conduct is reduced to 300 men-at-arms, 40 mounted crossbowmen, and 50 Provvigionati. The term is set for five years, with one year of respect, and his condition of not fighting against the Pope and the King of France is accepted. He is ordered to attack the Estensi. He leaves Mantua, reaches Correggio, and returns to his city with nothing accomplished. |
| September | Lombardy | He tries, as usual, to evade his obligations, now citing his status as a vassal of the Emperor, now claiming that he is suffering from syphilis and cannot move. He shamelessly asks the Venetians for more money, a larger conduct, and territorial compensations, such as Peschiera del Garda and Lonato. The Council of Savi increases his annual provision to 54,000 ducats and sends him an advance of 8,000 ducats. | |||
| October | Emilia, Lombardy, Veneto | He is in Bologna to receive the Gonfalonierato insignia and an advance of 4,000 ducats. On his way back to Mantua, he avoids Chioggia, where a meeting with Andrea Trevisan and Francesco Capello was planned. He has a conversation with Provveditore Generale Paolo Capello in Sermide but provides no support to Giovanni Moro’s fleet operating on the Po. The Venetians send him another 6,000 ducats and urge him to gather 2,000 infantry. He goes to Ficarolo to supervise a pontoon bridge built in front of Stellata and returns to Mantua for a review of his lances. He feigns a raid on the Estensi at San Felice sul Panaro, but quickly returns to Mantua out of fear of a possible attack by the French under Chaumont. | |||
| November | He sends 2,000 infantry to the Venetians, but they do not move until receiving their second month’s pay. The Venetians and Papal forces grow increasingly convinced of his bad faith. Meanwhile, the French strip him of Poviglio for supporting Julius II‘s cause. | ||||
| December | Lombardy | He is reported to be in Ostiglia. | |||
| 1512 | |||||
| February | Lombardy | The Venetians accuse him of plundering fleeing troops from Brescia in his territories and of effectively aiding the French in conquering the city. | |||
| April | Lombardy | He takes part in the Battle of Ravenna, commanding the right wing with Louis de Brézé. After the battle, he offers to return to the Serenissima’s service. | |||
| August | Lombardy | Alongside Fabrizio Colonna and the King of Spain, he advocates for Alfonso d’Este‘s cause with Julius II. He unsuccessfully asks the Pope for confirmation of the Gonfaloniere office and the related prebend of 4,000 ducats. In mid-month, he welcomes Raimondo de Cardona to Mantua with his wife. He throws a grand celebration, aiming to secure Cardona’s support in his quest to seize Peschiera del Garda. | |||
| 1513 | Empire | Venice | Lombardy | Gravely ill with syphilis, he nevertheless contacts the Imperials to fight the Venetians, sending 200 sappers with twenty-five carts to build a pontoon bridge. He also gifts two horses from his stables to Bishop of Gurk, who passes them on to Viceroy Raimondo de Cardona and Andrea of Liechtenstein. | |
| 1515 | Lombardy | He is forced to return Asola, Lonato, and Peschiera del Garda to the Serenissima. | |||
| 1516 | |||||
| June | Lombardy | He is obliged to pay 30,000 ducats to Lautrec to secure the French‘s withdrawal from Mantua. His territories are placed under interdict for harboring Della Rovere, excommunicated by the Pope. At the end of the month, with Provveditore Andrea Gritti’s permission, he hangs 34 Venetian soldiers caught looting houses in Mantua. | |||
| 1517 | |||||
| January | Lombardy | At the end of the conflict, he hosts Lautrec and Provveditore Generale Andrea Gritti in Mantua. | |||
| October | Lombardy | He welcomes Marquis Guglielmo of Monferrato to Mantua. | |||
| 1518 | |||||
| September | Piedmont | He visits Marquis Guglielmo in Casale Monferrato but is gravely ill. | |||
| 1519 | |||||
| March | Lombardy | At the end of the month, he dies of syphilis, contracted after his marriage, in his San Sebastiano Palace in Mantua. His body is displayed under the loggia of the Castle, in front of the clock, before being buried in the Church of San Francesco wearing the robe of the Franciscan Friars Minor. His eulogy is delivered by Battista Mantovano; the funeral oration is given by Matteo Bandello. His tomb bears his image alongside Virgil and Battista Carmelitano, with the inscription, “Argumentum utrique ingens, si saecula coirent.” Gian Cristoforo Romano crafts a terracotta bust of him, and G.M. Cavalli creates another bust. He is also portrayed by Francesco Bonsignori and Lorenzo Costa in the San Sebastiano Palace. He is depicted in Andrea Mantegna‘s Madonna della Vittoria, once in the San Paolo Church but now housed in the Louvre. Domenico Morone paints The Expulsion of the Bonacolsi for him, which is displayed in the Ducal Palace. He commissions a church dedicated to Santa Maria della Vittoria in Mantua in memory of his “victory” at Fornovo. The altar’s painting is by Mantegna, though the church is later demolished in 1797, and the painting is taken to France. To commemorate the “victory,” he also has Sperandio mint a medal with the motto, “Ob Restitutum Italiae Libertatem.” A lover of chivalric literature, he requests a copy of the first cantos of the third book of Matteo Maria Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato in 1486, after having enjoyed the first two books. He is considered the patron of Mambriano, a work by the blind Ferrarese poet Francesco Cieco. Other verses in a chivalric style are dedicated to him by Niccolò degli Agostini. |
Sources
-“Uomo sostanzialmente alieno da interessi di natura meramente spirituale, anche se a modo suo appassionato dell’arte, impulsivo, improvvisatore, dedito ai facili amori (era sfigurato dal mal francese e lunga viene ricordata la fila dei figli illegittimi distribuiti qua e là in territorio mantovano).” CHIAPPINI
-“Non era certo un letterato; aveva studiato sotto la guida del Filelfo e del Colombino, ma con poco profitto. Era piuttosto brutto, grossolano di lineamenti e sensuale quale ce lo ha ritratto il Mantegna in un suo famoso busto. Amava i cavalli e le giostre, ma era molto legato alla famiglia come dimostrano i sentimenti affettuosi che ebbe per le sorelle, che lo ricambiarono..Il marchese Francesco si interessò molto all’ esercito, che in un primo tempo considerò un mezzo di vita per il suo stato e le sue finanze ed in seguito se ne valse per seguire le direttive della sua casa, aggiungere al Mantovano le terre cui i suoi antenati avevano aspirato invano..In particolare..seppe organizzare ottimi corpi di fanteria e cavalleria, traendone gli elementi dai suoi sudditi. I Gonzaga erano ormai profondamente orientati verso l’attività militare, che costituiva la loro precipua fonte di entrate. Essi erano capi di stato e nello stesso tempo capitani di ventura, condottieri pronti a militare agli stipendi di un altro stato..Come del resto i suoi ascendenti, Francesco vedeva nel militare per altre potenze il modo di ingrandirsi o, in tempi particolarmente calamitosi, di sopravvivere come stato indipendente. Per tale motivo egli continuò la politica pendolare dei suoi predecessori. Militava al soldo di Venezia o di Milano, secondo che giudicasse la potenza dell’uno e dell’altro meno pericolosa per la sicurezza del suo stato. Lo stesso criterio determinava le alleanze con le potenze estere. Tra Francia ed Impero Francesco cercava di barcamenarsi in modo da trovarsi sempre dalla parte del più forte. Le condotte di Venezia erano le più convenienti sia per la puntualità dei Veneziani nel fare onore ai propri impegni sia per i notevoli rapporto commerciali che univano i due paesi..Tuttavia spesso il Gonzaga si trovava a combattere tra i nemici di Venezia; talvolta si destreggiava suscitando sospetti e diffidenze presso il Senato veneto. Ciò avveniva nei momenti in cui la Repubblica rappresentava un pericolo ed egli cercava appoggi altrove. Le condotte con Milano erano sempre in funzione antiveneziana, come dimostra la clausola che vi era costantemente inserita circa le terre da togliere eventualmente a Venezia, in particolare Asola, Lonato e Peschiera.” CONIGLIO
-“Lo studio pratico della zoologia ebbe..l’impulso dall’ allevamento delle razze equine, delle quali quella mantovana di Francesco Gonzaga passava per la prima d’Europa..Il Gonzaga teneva nelle sue stalle stalloni e giumente di Spagna e d’Irlanda, nonché d’Africa, di Tracia e di Cilicia, e, per aver quest’ultime, egli coltivava costantemente l’amicizia dei Gran Sultani.” BURCKHARDT
-“Temperamento violento, sanguigno, gagliardo, fu esperto in tutti gli esercizi cavallereschi, validissimo in giostre, in trar d’asta, in corsa e salto..Come condottiero fu certo un gran soldato.” BONGIOVANNI
-“Nell’aspetto li porse natura, riverenza, e dignità, e con amabile gravità maestà grata occhi grandi, e allegri. Primo de i signori d’Italia, continuamente portò la barba. Fu huomo alla militare disciplina molto dedito.” ALBERTI
-“Pervenne a segno tale di vera lode, che riputato era da tutti principe singolare e Capitano incomparabile..Fu Francesco di statura grande e forte, di volto bianco, d’occhi barba e capelli castagnicci.” ROSCIO
-“Signore di alto sangue e di molto affare.” CANTALICIO
-“Vir ingentis spiritus ac manu promptus.” RUCELLAI
-“Ma il Giovio col suo stil sacro è immortale/ Fra i guerrier primi, i quali oblio non cinge,/ Posto ha il Gonzaga, e fatto ‘l senza eguale.” Da un sonetto di G.B. Possevino raccolto dal GIOVIO
-“Valoroso d’animo e forte e destro della persona.” GUAZZO
-“Datosi all’esercitio dell’armi, a molti prencipi d’Europa servì con titoli e grand’honori.” LOSCHI
-“Di lui fu detto, che havea Marte nel braccio e Minerva nel corpo, cioé valorosissimo nell’armi e di somma esperienza ne’ consigli e nel governo.” LETI
-“Uno dei principali condottieri italiani del tempo.” ZAPPERI
-“Tanto illustre di quel tempo..Ma essendo egli di grave presenza, che spirava una maestà nel volto, governò di maniera le cose che acquistò fama di savio signore.” MAZZELLA
-“Rei bellicae scientissimus.” FLORO
-“Uno dei più insigni uomini di guerra del suo tempo.” BOSI
-“Marchionis Mantuae principis/ Bina dedit terris miracula Mantua primis:/ Te Gonzaga armis, te Mars carminibus./ Defuit hoc unum; nequistis habere poetam/ Tu Gonzaga parem, tu Mars materiam:/ Unus erat magno dignus Gonzaga Marone (Virgilio)/ Unus Gonzaga tu Maro dignus eras.” Da un epigramma del Tebaldeo, riportato dal CAVICCHI
-“Uomo di qualità veramente distinte.” LITTA
-“Occhi grandi e allegri. Primo de i signori d’Italia, continuamente portò la barba. Fu huomo alla militare disciplina molto dedito. Il perché fu in grande riputatione presso i principi non solamente d’Italia.” SANSOVINO
-“Capitano tanto celebre di quei tempi.” REPOSATI
-“Il quale fu principe virtuoso, da bene, magnanimo et molto valoroso..Essendo egli pressi tutti riputato chiarissimo per la fama delle felicissime imprese da lui fatte.” ULLOA
-“Principe a Capitano tanto celebre di que’ tempi.” LEONI
-“Dux Italum primus Iuli trahit arma furore/ Marchio Franciscus Gonzaga ille impiger armis.” Da un carme di B. Campeggi, riportato dal GOZZADINI
-“Mantuanum regulum Gallis merito suspectum Ludovicus praefecerat: hic semper antea Maximiliani, Venetorumque dum cum Gallis bellum gerebant, parteis secutus, quem ne summum copiarum ducem Florentini legerent, non ita pridem Ludovicus diserte interdixerat, haud vanis coniecturis nostris hominibus in suspicionem venerat, Italo enim reconciliato quanta adhibenda sit fides, etiam recentibus exemplis satis cognitum erat.” BEAUCAIRE
-“Al quale non mancavano doti di buon capitano..Era un soldato valoroso e intrepido; non però una mente capace d’ideare un piano di guerra, né di vincere una battaglia, come provò alla stregua dei fatti.” G. SFORZA
-“Venetorum duce optimo.” ALBINO
-“Pareva in nell’arme Ector trojano.” RICCIARDI
-“Grande fu l’opinione di questo giovane principe; ..e s’egli non hebbe fortuna eguale a molt’altri Capitani della sua chiara e numerosa prosapia, si rese nondimeno con tanto ardire e prudenza riguardevole, che verun’altro certo gli toglie luogo cospicuo nel tempio dell’historia e dell’eternità..Fu il marchese Francesco, se ben si mira alla grandezza de’ suoi generosi concetti, un’idea vivissima di eccellente principe e Capitano; poscia che nella sua gioventù valoroso, ne’ suoi progressi efficace, nella prospera fortuna moderato e nell’avversa costante, fu il primo che con ottima disciplina facesse gl’Italiani combattere.” POMPEI
-“Dà insieme ogni materia onde altri scriva/ E fa la gloria altrui scrivendo viva.” ARIOSTO
-“La sua fama viveva..di rendita sul momento di gloria avuto alla battaglia di Fornovo nel 1495, e troppo spesso ci si dimenticava che in seguito il marchese di Mantova non aveva compiuto alcun gesto tale da mantenergli la fama di grande condottiero da lui guadagnata in quel sol giorno…(Nei suoi rapporti con il papa Giulio II) He was indecisive and untrust worthy, using pretended attacks of the gout and syphilis, from which he did acrually suffer, as excuses for inaction. With non sense of loyalty to the pope, he was more concerned to maintain good relations with rhe French, being encoureged in this by his wife, Isabella d’Este.” SHAW
-“Principe magnanimo, animato specchio e ritratto della gloria de’ suoi avoli.” MAFFEI
-“Chi? se non del bel Mincio il gran guerriero?/…./ Specchio eterno di gloria,/ Asta di Marte, scoglio/ Al barbarico orgoglio.” CHIABRERA
-“Brutto..rincagnato, labbruto, con faccia da africano, ma piena di carattere robusto, anzi selvaggio.” BACCHELLI
-“Salta a cavallo e prese una lancia/ l’elmeto in testa e la spada in mano/ e corse contro a un cavalier di francia/ passoli el petto el fiancho e lo costato/ ei gaì cascando fece un ballo e dancia/ ponendo il culo sopra il verde prato/ e disse il mantoan che non si perde/ le cani te mangiaran con salsa verde.” Da “La storia del re di Francia” in GUERRE IN OTTAVA RIMA
-“Francesco da gonzaga che de core/ non trova al mondo e de’ prestantia paro/ forza e ch’el sol dimostri el so splendore/ e se conosco un hom quando lo è raro/ non bisogna lodare al so’ valore/ che per se stesso e glorioso e claro/ Italia sa quanto in arme è perfetto/ che la prova se vede al’ vero effetto.” Da ” La guerra del Turco e la presa di Modone” in GUERRE IN OTTAVA RIMA
-“In questo tempo el marchese honorato/ Inanti va con fulgore ei menava/…/ Poi trasse el brando e quillo isanguinava/ Da poi al gran bastardo (Renato di Borbone) fe frontato/ E de gran colpi inno a l’altro dava/ E pure alfine el ferì e de l’arcione/ E trasse e mandò preso al padiglione.” G. SENESE
-“Negli ultimi anni di vita l’attività militare si diradò, anche in conseguenza delle frequenti crisi che la sifilide gli procurava. In compenso proseguì l’intensa attività diplomatica volta al salvataggio del suo stato, costantemente stretto fra le grandi potenze che si davano battaglia sul suolo italiano all’inizio del XVI secolo.” WIKIPEDIA
-“Le fait que la “Madone de la Victoire”, commandée à Mantegna par François Gonzague, se trouve aujourd’hui au Louvre n’est au fond qu’un juste retour des choses. La proche postérité admet que les proclamations triomphales italiennes étaient des effets de pure propagande. Pour Paul Jove, entre autres, la bataille de Fornoue marque bien le début de la déchéance des armes italiennes qui jusque-là, dit-il, avaient été redoutées dans le monde entier.” M.H. SMITH
-“Pervenne a segno tale di vera lode, che riputato era da tutti Principe singolare, e Capitano incomparabile.. Fu Francesco di statura grande, e forte: di volto bianco: d’occhi, barba, e capelli castagnicci.” CAPRIOLO
-“Remarquable par d’éminentes qualités militaires.” DE LA PILORGERIE
-.”Era di aspetto grave, ma nel tempo stesso piacevole e generoso. Nuovo Cesare lo chiamò Ercole Strozzi, e gloria de’ suoi maggiori; poiché uomo lo sorpassò nel cavalcare; niuno fu, che meglio a piedi, o con asta da lungi, o vicino colla spada combattesse; niuno ordinò meglio squadre, niuno più cautamente espugnò città, aggiugnendo alla milizia nuove arti ed invenzioni, solamente a lui note. Liberale, giusto e pio, non mai mutabile, niun pericolo mai lo commosse, a niun mai cedette.. Fu bellissimo di corpo, di forza rarissima, animoso ne’ pericoli, saggio in provvedere, presto in eseguire, caro a’ sudditi e di terrore a’ nemici. Era passionatissimo per la caccia, e perciò nutriva 200 cani, condotti da lontani paesi: pasceva da 150 uccelli da rapina (falconi)..In giostre ed altri giuochi militari,.. molte volte riportò gloriosa vittoria.. Molto si dilettò di cavalli, e non essendo contento di averne razze di Napoli, di Sicilia e di Spagna, mandò in Turchia e Barberia, e fece condurre velocissimi destrieri, de’ quali tenne razza.” MAINARDI
-“Sebbene non fosse segnato dalla malformazione malatestiana (la gibbosità), nessuno lo avrebbe potuto definire un bell’uomo: aveva un viso rincagnato da bulldog, labbroni sporgenti vagamente negroidi, una spiccata exoftalmia ed un volgare colorito brunastro. In compenso era un autentico atleta, che eccelleva nelle imprese militari e soprattutto nei tornei, la sua grande passione.” BRAGLIA
-“Ebbe educazione gagliarda e strettamente militare, ma non scevra di accorgimenti, come prova un suo spontaneo viaggio di istruzione presso le corti di Firenze, Roma e di Napoli. Fu ottimo governatore e promosse in Mantova istituti vantaggiosi alla città. Il suo matrimonio con Isabella d’Este, tanto celebrato, fece della corte di Mantova un rifugio di artisti d’ogni genere, onde il Rinascimento vi ebbe le sue più nobili esplicazioni.. Per la sua incertezza politica, nella quale ebbe gran parte l’influenza straordinaria di Isabella d’Este, la sorte di Mantova fu alla mercé della Francia e di Giulio II.” ARGEGNI
-“I contemporanei hanno molto celebrato il suo coraggio, la sua forza fisica, la sua virtù guerresca, la sua indole cavalleresca, e perfino la sua bellezza… (Riguardo alla sua politica) E’ difficile poter penetrare (gli) ondeggiamenti continui, che probabilmente sono determinati da motivi di scarsa importanza che sfuggono alle nostre ricerche. Comunque si ha l’impressione di una continua incertezza, di un opportunismo politico e militare, che impedisce a Francesco, come ai suoi predecessori, di impegnarsi a fondo, e gli fa tenere il piede in due staffe o per lo meno gli consente di aver sempre libera una via d’uscita… Nelle terribili vicende della storia d’Italia dei primi del ‘500 si era dimostrato politico pavido ed uomo da poco, devastato dal mal francese che lo trasse anzitempo alla tomba.” CIAMPINI
-“L’acquisto di cavalli alla corte gonzaghesca “Sul finire del 1494 Francesco II Gonzaga avrebbe sborsato 359 ducati per avere cinque cavalli, due puledri e tre mule, tutti esemplari acquistati in Spagna. I cavalli erano costati 50 ducati l’uno, con l’eccezione di un “chastagno scuro” del valore di circa 80 ducati, ma a queste spese andavano aggiunti 473 ducati per i “fornimenti delle bestie”, per i dazi della dogana e per i salari dei compratori. Ulteriori 125 ducati erano previsti per il nolo della nave, e altri 125 per il riscatto del Caveza de Moro, catturato in mare. Considerato anche il vitto per uomini e bestie, il marchese avrebbe speso complessivamente, per una sola spedizione, ben 1057 ducati veneziani.” ANSANI
-Valoroso soldato, ma mediocre capitano come mostrò a Fornovo.” SIMEONI
SPECIFIC BIOGRAPHIES
-V. Brosio. Francesco II Gonzaga, marchese di Mantova.
-A. Pompei. Vita di Francesco II Gonzaga, quarto marchese di Mantova.
Featured image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Francesco_II_Gonzaga.png





