Baldaccio d’Anghiari the Renaissance Condottiero Praised by Machiavelli
Baldaccio d’Anghiari (also known as Baldaccio Bruni, Baldaccio Pieri, or Baldaccio da Citerno). Hailing from Ronco, near Anghiari, he was the lord of Sorci, Fichino (a hamlet of Casciana Terme), and Spinello.
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year, Month | State, Comp. ventura | Opponent | Command | Area of Activity | Actions Undertaken and Other Salient Facts |
| 1420 | |||||
| …………….. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He is accused by Carlo da Pietramala of wanting to remove Anghiari (Anghiari) from the dominion of Florence (Firenze); he joins with Mazzone d’Anghiari and other bandits and kills a servant of Pietramala, Tardiolo d’Anghiari, who had accused him. | |||
| May | Tuscany (Toscana) | He is sentenced to decapitation in absentia. His property is confiscated. | |||
| 1422 | |||||
| Sept. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He returns to Anghiari (Anghiari) after fleeing. He reconciles with the relative of the murdered man. | |||
| 1424 | |||||
| …………….. | Rimini (Rimini) | Milan (Milano) | Romagna (Romagna) | He serves under Carlo Malatesta against the Visconti (the forces of Filippo Maria Visconti). | |
| July | Romagna (Romagna) | He takes part in the Battle of Zagonara. He follows Carlo Malatesta when the lord of Rimini (Rimini) makes peace with the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti. | |||
| 1426 | |||||
| Mar.-Apr. | Tuscany (Toscana) | At Ranco, he continues with his robberies. He gravely wounds a personal enemy, Antonio Cocchi, in an ambush between Borgo San Sepolcro (Sansepolcro) and Anghiari (Anghiari); he also assaults a carter transporting goods from Florence (Firenze) to L’Aquila (L’Aquila). He takes 3 salme of merchandise and 200 florins. The Florentine vicar of Anghiari, Niccolò Serragli, fines him 500 lire for the first crime and condemns him to hanging (in April) for the second. | |||
| 1430 | |||||
| Jan. | Lucca (Lucca) | Florence (Firenze) | 100 infantry | Tuscany (Toscana) | He defends Collodi (Collodi) from attacks by Niccolò Fortebraccio. |
| Feb. | Tuscany (Toscana) | Forced to surrender, he moves to Poggiana (Poggiana) with his men. In one action he captures Antonello da Pescopagano. In turn, he is surprised at Pontetetto (Pontetetto) with 80 infantry and is taken prisoner with 60 men by Genovino da Genova. He is imprisoned in the castle of Ripafratta (Ripafratta). | |||
| Mar. | Florence (Firenze) | Lucca (Lucca) | Tuscany (Toscana) | To gain his freedom, he offers himself to the Florentines (Firenze) to fight the Lucchese (Lucca); in mid-month he goes to Florence (Firenze). Il Falza, Girolamo d’Anghiari, Bernardino degli Ubaldini della Carda, and Cantiano da Cantiano become his guarantors for 2000 florins. | |
| 1431 | |||||
| June | Florence (Firenze) | Lucca (Lucca), Milan (Milano) | Tuscany (Toscana) | For the valor demonstrated, he obtains a revision of the first sentence from the Florentines (Firenze). In August two years later, he will also be acquitted of the second charge. | |
| 1432 | |||||
| Mar. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He moves around Lucca (Lucca) with Giacomo Bello. He informs Micheletto Attendolo about the possibility of entering the city by surprise due to poor surveillance on some sections of the walls. The attackers are discovered and the captured Florentines are hanged. | |||
| …………….. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He takes Collegalli (Collegalli); from this castle he plunders the surrounding area taking several prisoners. He captures a certain Gaspare da Lucignano (Gaspare da Lucignano), who resembles him: he has him dress in his clothes, kills him, and throws him out of the fortress while his soldiers free the detainees. These run to Pisa (Pisa) to inform the authorities about the revolt of Collegalli in favor of the Visconti. He surprises many armed men who came to take possession of the castle in an ambush. | |||
| 1433 | |||||
| Feb. | Tuscany (Toscana) | In November of the previous year, Arrigo Squarcialupi, Florentine commissioner of Castellina in Chianti (Castellina in Chianti), decided to take revenge because the Hungarian cavalry in their raids usually cut off the hands of their prisoners and send them back so mutilated. He contacts Brunoro della Scala, who serves in the opposing camp, and promises the delivery of the castle and fortress of Castellina in Chianti in exchange for certain benefits in Siena (Siena), the payment of 4000 ducats, and a two-year contract for ten lances and 200 infantry. In mid-month the Hungarians find the town gate open. They break in, and Squarcialupi has the portcullis closed behind them: Baldaccio d’Anghiari, who had previously been introduced with his men into the castle, attacks them, kills many opponents, and makes numerous prisoners. Squarcialupi now opens the gate and places a board in front of it: the prisoners must place their hand on it so that he can cut it off with his sword. | |||
| Sept. | Milan (Milano) | Florence (Firenze), Rimini (Rimini) | Romagna (Romagna) | He occupies Castel del Rio (Castel del Rio) belonging to Ludovico Alidosi by trickery. The Florentines (Firenze) apply strong pressure on him to leave the area. | |
| Oct. | Romagna (Romagna) | He returns Castel del Rio. He sacks Galeata (Galeata) at the instigation of Count Francesco di Battifolle of Poppi (Poppi), an enemy of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta; he occupies Spinello (Spinello), which is likewise sacked. Repelled from Pondo, he is confronted by the Malatesta (Malatesta). | |||
| Dec. | 300 infantry | Romagna (Romagna) | He is repelled from Rocca San Casciano (Rocca San Casciano). He obtains instead the castle of Torrita (Torrita), above Sarsina (Sarsina) at the foot of Bobbio (Bobbio). | ||
| 1434 | |||||
| Mar. | Comp. ventura | Papacy | Romagna (Romagna) | He is between Rocca San Casciano (Rocca San Casciano) and Dovadola (Dovadola); he carries out a raid against Guelfo di Dovadola. The plunder and prisoners are taken to Galeata (Galeata). The protests of Antonio Ordelaffi, lord of Forlì (Forlì), are in vain. Some infantry companies are enlisted to confront him; from this moment, he no longer dares to trouble Forlì’s territory. | |
| …………….. | Fortebraccio | Papacy | Umbria (Umbria) | He opposes the Papal forces and those of Francesco Sforza. The Malatesta da Sogliano take advantage of his absence to retake Spinello (Spinello), which he had made himself lord of. | |
| 1435 | |||||
| …………….. | Count of Poppi (Conte Poppi) | Papacy | 200 infantry | Tuscany (Toscana) | Charged with the defense of Sansepolcro (Sansepolcro) with 200 infantry, he surrenders to Patriarch Giovanni Vitelleschi after a forty-day siege. |
| May | Florence (Firenze) | Milan (Milano) | Romagna (Romagna) | In Rimini (Rimini). | |
| July | Tuscany (Toscana) | He confronts Niccolò Piccinino. The Florentines (Firenze) prevent him from engaging in battle with the Visconti. | |||
| 1436 | |||||
| Jan. | 10 lances and 200 infantry | He is taken into service for four months; one-third of his infantry are crossbowmen, one-third pikemen, and one-third pavisiers. He is also given the rank of constable. | |||
| May-June | In May he is reconfirmed in his contract. In June he obtains command of 28 cavalry in place of the pavisiers. | ||||
| July | Liguria (Liguria) | He is sent to Liguria to confront the adversaries; he is engaged in the defense of Albenga (Albenga). Through continuous skirmishes he forces Niccolò Piccinino to withdraw. | |||
| Aug. | As a reward for the valor demonstrated, he is granted the privilege of always being considered in proper order during the periodic musters. | ||||
| 1437 | |||||
| …………….. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He keeps the Lucchese (Lucca) in check; he takes Motrone (Motrone), near Pietrasanta (Pietrasanta): a deserter carries off all the “nuts” of the crossbows, so the defenders are unable to resist. | |||
| June | Emilia (Emilia) | He is stationed near Pontremoli (Pontremoli). | |||
| Oct. | Genoa (Genova) | Milan (Milano) | Liguria (Liguria) | ||
| 1438 | |||||
| Jan.-Feb. | Tuscany (Toscana) | The Florentines (Firenze) grant him citizenship. They give him a house worth 400 florins in Oltrarno, San Felice (San Felice). In February he marries Annalena Malatesta, daughter of Galeotto Malatesta of the Ghiaggiolo branch, ward of Cosimo de’ Medici. His wife brings a dowry of 2000 florins, some property in the Aretino region, the castle of Ronco (Ronco) near Anghiari (Anghiari), and a house with extensive land in the Porta Romana (Porta Romana) area. | |||
| Apr. | Tuscany (Toscana) | One of his servants duels in Pisa (Pisa) with a servant of Francesco Sforza. | |||
| May | Venice (Venezia) | Milan (Milano) | 400 infantry | Lombardy (Lombardia) | In the territory of Brescia (Brescia). |
| June | Emilia (Emilia) | He moves from Ferrara (Ferrara); he is surprised by the enemy between Finale Emilia (Finale Emilia) and Bondeno (Bondeno). Wounded, he is captured and taken to Bologna (Bologna). He is released through a prisoner exchange. | |||
| …………….. | Milan (Milano) | Umbria (Umbria) | He passes into the service of Niccolò Piccinino. He is entrusted with the command of infantry in Umbria. | ||
| …………….. | Comp. ventura | Tuscany (Toscana) | He takes possession of the castle of Figline (Figline) near Chiusi (Chiusi). | ||
| 1439 | |||||
| Feb. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He lives in Florence (Firenze) with his family. | |||
| Spring | Florence (Firenze) | Milan (Milano) | Lombardy (Lombardia) | He is sent to assist the Venetians (Venice) with 300 cavalry and 1000 infantry. | |
| …………….. | Urbino (Urbino) | Rimini (Rimini) | Marche (Marche) | In the pay of Guidantonio da Montefeltro against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (Rimini). | |
| Nov. | Marche (Marche) | He plunders the territory of Fano (Fano); he horribly sacks Tavoleto (Tavoleto) with Federico da Montefeltro to avenge the killing of some of his men. | |||
| 1440 | |||||
| Mar. | Marche (Marche) | At Orciano di Pesaro (Orciano di Pesaro), he sacks the castle of Fossa (Fossa) in the Montefeltro area. | |||
| Apr. | Milan (Milano) | Papacy | Umbria and Lazio (Lazio) | In the Perugia (Perugia) area with Giovanni da Sesto. He takes Fichino (Fichino) from Pietro Paolo Monaldeschi; he harasses the territory between Acquapendente (Acquapendente) and Orvieto (Orvieto). | |
| …………….. | Florence (Firenze) | Milan (Milano) | 302 cavalry | Tuscany (Toscana) | At the defense of Marradi (Marradi); he must yield due to the cowardice of the commissioner Bartolomeo Orlandini. He complains to the Signoria (Signoria of Florence). At Collelungo (Collelungo). |
| June | Comp. ventura | Piombino (Piombino) | Tuscany (Toscana) and Umbria (Umbria) | He takes part in the Battle of Anghiari (Anghiari). During a pause in the conflict, he plunders Fighino (Fighino), which belongs to Pietro Paolo Monaldeschi; he leaves with 500 infantry and 50 cavalry. Pretending to head for the Papal territory, he instead goes through the woods toward the sea. He reaches Istia d’Ombrone (Istia d’Ombrone) and moves beyond Massa Marittima (Massa Marittima). In two days he goes from Lucca (Lucca) into the territory of Piombino (Piombino) with a kilometer march. | |
| July | Tuscany (Toscana) | At dawn he sets an ambush near Suvereto (Suvereto). He sends ten of his men disguised as reapers into the locality; they seize a gate. Baldaccio d’Anghiari enters and sacks the castle; the loot is sold in Florence (Firenze). He besieges the fortress of Suvereto, which surrenders after a few days. He meets Tartaro da Perugia, sent to him by Piccinino. He continues his raids toward the Serchio (Serchio), where 200 infantry and 30 cavalry seize much livestock and three boats carrying wheat for the mills. He also steals the mares of the Count of Poppi (Poppi); he brings his depredations into the territory of Siena (Siena). At Scarlino (Scarlino), 100 infantry sent by Rinaldo Orsini arrive to oppose him. He rides through the countryside of Buriano (Buriano). | |||
| Dec. | Tuscany (Toscana) | He attacks Piombino (Piombino). There is an intervention by the Florentines (Firenze). Paola Colonna, widow of Jacopo d’Appiano, acknowledges him a ransom of 9000/9500 florins. | |||
| 1441 | |||||
| Jan. | Tuscany (Toscana) | The arrival of Rinaldo Orsini convinces him to leave the area with 400 infantry and 80 cavalry. He hands over Suvereto (Suvereto) and heads towards Monteverdi Marittima (Monteverdi Marittima). | |||
| Apr. | Papacy | Milan (Milano) | Romagna (Romagna) | He passes into the service of the Papal States for two months with 700 men (cavalry and infantry). He moves into Romagna (Romagna) with 2000 infantry and 50 lances to fight Francesco Piccinino. | |
| May | Emilia (Emilia) | He occupies Baragazza (Baragazza) in the Bolognese territory, after bribing the castellan with 900 ducats. He takes Bargi (Bargi); he obtains Casi (Casi) from the same inhabitants. | |||
| June | Emilia (Emilia) | He repels from that locality an attack by Piccinino’s infantry. He robs Gaspare Montecuccoli, who has been accused of providing supplies to the adversaries. He obtains Monte Calderaro (Monte Calderaro) and Sassano (Sassano). | |||
| Aug. | Comp. ventura | Piombino (Piombino), Lucca (Lucca) | Tuscany (Toscana) | Following a truce, he gathers new troops and enters Firenzuola (Firenzuola) with 1200 men (infantry and cavalry). Joined by Francesco da Bologna, he crosses through the Mugello (Mugello) mountains into Val di Marina (Val di Marina) and proceeds into Val di Nievole (Val di Nievole). The Dieci di Balia protest against the devastation brought by his men to the territory; he encamps near Capannori (Capannori) and heads towards Piombino (Piombino) at the urging of Emanuele d’Appiano. At Vico (Vico); he crosses the Arno (Arno); at Rosignano (Rosignano); he reaches the walls of Piombino. The supporters of d’Appiano do not move, and Giovanni and Angelo Orsini defend the city. With his aims thwarted, he withdraws into Garfagnana (Garfagnana) at the expense of the Este (Estensi); with most of his troops he then turns toward the Valdarno (Valdarno) near San Miniato (San Miniato). | |
| Sept. | Florence (Firenze) | Milan (Milano) | Tuscany (Toscana), Romagna (Romagna) | He storms and sacks Castelnuovo di Garfagnana (Castelnuovo di Garfagnana), taking many prisoners for ransom. He extorts 4000 florins from the Lucchese (Lucca) (initially demanding 10000 florins). He follows the Malatesta (Malatesta) in the siege of Forlì (Forlì). Recalled to Florence (Firenze), he is summoned to the Palazzo della Signoria by the gonfaloniere of justice Bartolomeo Orlandini. He is accused of having seized Borgo alla Collina (Borgo alla Collina), Ranco (Ranco), and Soci (Soci) by trickery. During the discussion, he is suddenly attacked by the captain of the people and his 8 infantrymen: he is considered too close to the political positions of Neri Capponi, hostile to Cosimo de’ Medici. His corpse is thrown out of a window into the courtyard of the adjacent Palazzo del Capitano; he is beheaded to make the killing appear as a judicial execution. Other reasons given for his execution include the sack of Suvereto (Suvereto), the attempt to take Piombino (Piombino), his desire to serve the Papal State against Francesco Sforza, an ally of the Medici (Medici). According to other sources, the responsibility for his death lies entirely with Francesco Sforza, who pressured the Florentines (Firenze) to punish him for his expedition in the Lucchese area the previous month. He is buried by order of his wife in the cloister of the Church of Santo Spirito (Santo Spirito) in Florence (Firenze). The widow Annalena Malatesta, after the premature death of their son Galeotto, has the penalties against her husband on charges of treason revoked. She sells all their property, including the castles of Sorci (Sorci) and Ronco (Ronco), and retires to her house on Via Romana (Via Romana), formerly Via di San Pier Gattolini. She then wears the white habit of the Dominican tertiaries, and under the protection of the Bishop of Florence Sant’Antonino, she establishes, together with 12 Florentine women, a monastery to shelter other widows, the so-called “domus d’Annalena”. In 1501 Caterina Sforza will be hosted in that convent. Legend says that the ghost of Baldaccio d’Anghiari roams near the Palazzo Vecchio (Palazzo Vecchio) awaiting his revenge. |
Sources
-” Intra molti altri capitani de l’esercito fiorentino era Baldaccio d’Anghiari, uomo in guerra eccellentissimo, perché in quelli tempi non era alcuno in Italia, che di virtù di corpo e d’animo lo superasse. Ed aveva infra le fanterie (perché di quelle sempre era stato sempre capo) tanta riputazione, ch’ogni uomo estimava che con quelle in ogni impresa e ad ogni sua volontà, converrebbero.” MACHIAVELLI
-“Fra tutti valente a usare le fanterie…Giovane tuttora di grande animo e feroce in guerra, non si era per anche inalzato al pari dei sommi e più fortunati condottieri per esserl’arma delle fanterie tenuta di grado inferiore; ma per la grande esrimazione goduta tra quelle si credeva che se la fortuna a lui arridesse, potrebbe egli formare di tale arme un esercito da contrapporre forse ai maggiori di quella età.” CAPPONI
-“Era detto Balduccio grande e grasso, e gran ladro, e aveva poca leanza.” DELLA TUCCIA
-“Egli stimava l’omicidio ardimento e fortezza: il mancamento della fortezza diceva essere il temere delle cose paurose e sospette: la fede eleggeva essere suggetta alla servitù: e così la bestialità reputava virtuoso ardimento.” CAVALCANTI
-“Havea una grande conducta de fanti, più che contestabili che se trovasse.” CORPUS CHRONIC. BONOMIENSUM
-“Baldaccio è rimasto nella storia soprattutto perché legato alla politica di Cosimo il Vecchio, e perché posto accanto alla maggiore schiera dei condottieri finiti tragicamente per i sopsetti dei governi che se n’erano serviti. Non si può negare tuttavia che in un’epoca in cui la fanteria era in Italia, e si può dire in Europa, tanto scaduta, egli ci appare soprattutto come un temuto condottiero di fanti…In realtà il suo nome non appare legato a nessuna delle imprese di grido del tempo, né ad alcuna innovazione tattica. E in un periodo in cui gli stati tendevano legare a sé e fissare al suolo, attraverso infeudazioni, condottieri e compagnie di ventura, in una risorgente forma di feudalismo guerriero, le milizie di Baldaccio, formate soprattutto da ribaldi d’ogni specie, rappresentavano una forma sempre più anacronistica.” PIERI (Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani)
-“On citait de lui des traits de bravure, et l’on ne parlait que tout bas de certaines aventures fort peu à son honneur.” PERRENS
-“Omo del comuno de Fiorença condutiero di fanti da piè..Hommo da fare de l’altrue suo e sostenudo dai fiorentine como suo furone (ladro).. Uxado contestabele da pè.” G. DI PEDRINO
-“Uomo di guerra eccellentissimo, e che in quei tempi non aveva in Italia chi lo superasse in virtù di corpo e d’animo; aveva tra le fanterie, delle quali fu sempre condottiero, tanta riputazione, che ogni uomo stimava con lui ogni impresa facile, perché le soldatesche aderivano ciecamente alla sua volontà.” ADEMOLLO
-“A distinguished condottiere leader.” BROWNING
-“Chef de guerre, “que personne n’égalait en Italie tant du corps que de l’esprit, avait inspiré une si grande confiance aux piétons (fantassins de la milice) que personne ne douait qu’il n’y eut aucun projet, aucune entreprise à laquelle il ne put les entrainer; il avait aussi mérité l’affection d’un grand nombre de citoyens, ce qui l’avait rendu redoutable à tous ceux qui voulaient gouverner sans trop de compagnie”…Jugerent qu’il était trop dangereux sans doute de lui ravir la liberté…On fait courir le bruil qu’il formait, avec l’appui du pape le projet de garder pour lui quelques territoires en Toscana et d’en faire un Etat sous sa tyrannie…Baldaccio est convoqué au palais; les hommes de main se jettent sur lui, l’égorgent et lancent son corps par la fenetre; ils le trainent ensuite sur la place publique, lui coupent la téte et l’offrent, pendant tout un jour, en spectacle au peuple. La rumeur du temps et nombre de chroniqueurs disaient Come (Cosimo dei Medici) responsable, commanditair de cet assassinat.” HEERS
-“(La sua uccisione) commosse tutta Firenze e lo stesso papa Eugenio IV provò dolore e sdegno per quell’efferato delitto, malamente ricoperto dall’accusa di tradimento..Da allora il fantasma di Baldaccio d’Anghiari si aggira nei meandri di Palazzo Vecchio aspettando il momento della sua vendetta. La presenza costante della sua immaginaria figura ci fa ricordare le ingiustizie del passato e l’ammonimento e l’efferatezza della giustizia di allora. Il 6 settembre si fa vedere anche nel Castello dei Sorci di Anghiari località natale del Baldaccio.” FIRENZEMIA.WEBNOTE.IT/CURIOSITA/BALDAC
-“Uomo di gran valore e d’insuperabile ardire.” COLESCHI
-“L’ingenuità ed audacia insieme di Baldaccio di venire proprio a Firenze suggerirono al Gonfaloniere (Bartolomeo Orlandini), che aveva con lui un rancore personale, di spegnere con un colpo risoluto (il rivale). E’ lecito pensare che un atto così grave non poté avvenire senza il consenso di Cosimo (dei Medici), anche se non par vero che questi persuadesse Baldaccio, che gli chiedeva se doveva aderire all’invito di andare al Palazzo, ad obbedire, come vuole il Cavalcanti. Il Guicciardini accusa apertamente Cosimo di aver voluto togliere a Neri Capponi questo strumento di novità, ma anche se non vi era questo sospetto
SPECIFIC BIOGRAPHIES
C. Brizzi. Baldaccio d’Anghiari. Uomo d’arme eccellentissimo.
L. Passerini. Baldaccio d’Anghiari.
Fonte immagine: wikipedia





